国际贸易名词解释英文及简答论述期末考试复习资料.docx

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InternationalTrade(国际贸易)
Internationaltradeistheinternationalexchangeofgoodsandservicesbetween
,inwhichprices,or
supplyanddemand,affectandareaffectedbyglobalevents.
FreeTrade(自由贸易)
Themainideaoffreetradeisthatsupplyanddemandfactors,operatingon
aglobalscale,,nothing
needstoprotectorpromotetradeandgrowthbecausemarketforceswilldoso
automatically.
Protectionism(贸易保护主义)
Incontrast,protectionismholdsthatregulationofinternationaltradeis

believethatmarketinefficienciesmayhamperthebenefitsofinternationaltrade
andtheyaimtoguidethemarketaccordingly.
ProductionPossibilitiesCurve/Frontier(生产可能性曲线/界线)
AProductionPossibilitiesFrontierisagraphthatshowsthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproduce,giventheavailable
factorsofproductionandtheexistingtechnology.
OpportunityCost(机遇成本)
OpportunityCostmeanswhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.
SupplyCurve(供给曲线)
ASupplyCurveisagraphthatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofa
goodandthequantitysupplied.
DemandCurve(需求曲线)
ADemandCurveisagraphthatdescribestherelationshipbetweentheprice
ofagoodandthequantitydemanded.
ExcessSupplyCurve(出口供给曲线)
BecauseExcessSupplyisasituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthan
quantitydemanded,ExcessSupplyCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictsthe
relationshipbetweenthepriceandtheavailablequantityforexportofaproduct.
ExcessSupplyCurvecanbederivedfromsubtractingasupplycurvewitha
correspondingdemandcurve.
ExcessDemandCurve(进口需求曲线)
BecauseExcessDemandisasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthan
quantitysupplied,ExcessDemandCurvecanbedefinedasagraphthatdepictsthe
relationshipbetweenthepriceandthedesirablequantity
ExcessDemandCurvecanbederivedfromsubtracting
correspondingsupplycurve.
ConsumerSurplus(花销者节余)

forimportofaproduct.
ademandcurvewitha
ConsumerSurplusmeansabuyer’swillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyer

inamarket.
ProducerSurplus(生产者节余)
ProducerSurplusistheamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’

market.
EconomiesofScale(规模经济)
EconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecostfalls
asthequantityofoutputincreases.
DiseconomiesofScale(规模不经济)
DiseconomiesofScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecost
risesasthequantityofoutputincreases.
ConstantReturnstoScale(规模酬金不变)
ConstantReturnstoScalemeansthepropertywherebythelong-runaveragecost
staysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges.
IndifferenceCurve(无差别曲线)
IndifferenceCurveisacurvethatshowsconsumptionbundlesthatgivethe
consumerthesamelevelofsatisfaction.
TheGravityModel(引力模型)
Initsbasicform,thegravitymodelassumesthatonlysizeanddistance(经
济规模和距离)areimportantfortradeinthefollowingway:Tij=AxYixYj/Dij
两国之间的贸易规模与经济规模成正比,与两国之间的距离成反比。
ServiceOutsourcing(服务外包)
Serviceoutsourcingoccurswhenafirmthatprovidesservicesmovesits
operationstoaforeignlocation.(服务外包是指一个企业将本出处自己供给的服务转
移给外国供给商。)
Mercantilism(重商主义)
Beliefthatnationcouldbecomerichandpowerfulonlybyexportingmorethan
itimported.
Mercantilistsmeasuredwealthofanationbystockofpreciousmetalsitpossessed
AbsoluteAdvantage(绝对优势)
Anationhasabsoluteadvantageoveranothernationifitcanproducea

ofacommodity,butanabsolutedisadvantagewithrespecttotheothernationin
asecondcommodity,bothnationscangainbyspecializingintheirabsolute
advantagegoodandexchangingpartoftheoutputforthecommodityofitsabsolute
disadvantage.
ComparativeAdvantage(比较优势)
Evenifonenationislessefficientthan(hasabsolutedisadvantagewith
respectto)theothernationinproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstilla
basisformutuallybeneficialtrade.
ProductionPossibilities(生产可能性)
Theproductionpossibilityfrontier(PPF)ofaneconomyshowsthemaximum
amountofagoodsthatcanbeproducedforafixedamountofresources.
FactorEndowment(要素天分)
theoverallamountofproductivefactors,suchascapital,labor,andland,
availabletoonenation.
FactorAbundance(要素充裕度)

units(.,intermsoftheoverallamountofcapitalandlaboravailabletoeach
nation).Anotherwayisintermsofrelativefactorprice(.,intermsofthe
rentalpriceofcapitalandthepriceoflabortimeineachnation).
FactorIntensity(要素密集度)
Inaworldoftwocommodities(XandY)andtwofactors(laborandcapital),
atanygivenwage-interest,wesaythatcommodityYiscapitalintensiveifthe
capital-laborratio(K/L)usedintheproductionofYisgreaterthanK/Lused
intheproductionofX.
Heckscher-OhlinTheorem(H-O定理)
Aneconomyispredictedtoexportgoodsthatareintensiveinitsabundant
factorsofproductionandimportgoodsthatareintensiveinitsscarcefactors
ofproduction.(一个国家将出口密集使用其相对丰富要素的商品,进口密集使用其相对稀
缺要素的商品。)
Stolper-Samuelsontheorem(S-S定理):
长远内,出口产品生产部门密集使用的生产要素(本国的充裕要素)的酬金提升;进
口产品生产中密集使用的生产要素(本国的稀缺要素)的酬金下降。
Thefactorpriceequalizationtheorem(要素价格均等化定理)
Becauserelativeoutputpricesareequalizedandbecauseofthedirect
relationshipbetweenoutputpricesandfactorprices,factorpricesarealso
equalized.(由于产品价格和要素价格的一一对应关系,贸易后,产品相对价格的趋同会
以致土地和劳动的相对价格的趋同)
Economiesofscale(规模经济)
Economiesofscalecouldmeaneitherthatlargerfirmsoralargerindustry
ismoreefficient:thecostperunitofoutputfallsasafirmorindustryincreases
output.
Internaleconomiesofscale(内部规模经济)
Internaleconomiesofscaleoccurwhenthecostperunitofoutputdependson
thesizeofafirm.(随着工厂或企业规模的扩大,单位产品成本下降。)
Externaleconomiesofscale(外面规模经济)
Externaleconomiesofscaleoccurwhencostperunitofoutputdependsonthe
sizeoftheindustry.(是指行业规模经济,由于行业内企业数量的增加和产业集聚所引
起的产业规模的扩大,使行业中的单个企业获得单位成本下降的好处。)
Monopolisticcompetition(垄断竞争)
Monopolisticcompetitionisamodelofanimperfectlycompetitiveindustry
(垄断竞争是一个不完好竞争产业模式)
Inter-industryTrade(产业间贸易)
Tradeoccursonlybetweenindustries(贸易只在产业之间发生)
Intra-industryTrade(产业内贸易)
Tradeoccurswithintheindustry(由于产品的多样化或经济规模的扩大等原因,
贸易在产业内发生)
Indexofintra-industrialtrade,IIT(产业内贸易指数)
表示产业内贸易在国际贸易中所占比重,用来衡量产业内贸易的发展程度。
Dumping(热销)
Dumpingisthepracticeofchargingalowerpriceforexportedgoodsthanfor
(价格歧视):
thepracticeofchargingdifferentcustomersdifferentprices.
热销的前提条件:
imperfectcompetitionexists:firmsareabletoinfluencemarketprices.
(不完好竞争的存在:企业能够影响价格)
marketsaresegmentedsothatgoodsarenoteasilyboughtinonemarketand
-Dumping。(市场是切割的,以致于商品)
Anti-Dumping(反热销)
Dumping(aswellaspricediscriminationindomesticmarkets)iswidely
regardedasunfair.(热销被认为是一种不公正的贸易行为)TheCommerceDepartmentmay
imposean“anti-dumpingduty(反热销税),”ortax,asaprecautionagainstpossible
injury.
ExternalEconomies(外面经济)
Externaleconomies:acountrythathasalargeindustrywillhavelowaverage
costsofproducingthatindustry’sgoodorservice.(当规模经济存在于一个行业内
部而不是单个厂商内部时,就被称作外面经济)
DynamicIncreasingReturns(动向收益递加)
Dynamicincreasingreturnstoscaleexistifaveragecostsfallascumulative
outputovertimerises.(当平均成本随着累积产量而非当前产量的增加而下降的状况就
是动向规模酬金递加)
learningcurve(学****曲线)
Agraphicalrepresentationofdynamicincreasingreturnstoscaleiscalled
alearningcurve(学****曲线).
Theefficiencycaseforfreetrade(自由贸易的效率).
Thefirstcaseforfreetradeistheargumentthatproducersandconsumers
allocateresourcesmostefficientlywhengovernmentsdonotdistortmarketprices
throughtradepolicy.
Politicalargumentforfreetrade(主张自由贸易的政治依照)
Politicalargumentforfreetrade,saysthatfreetradeisthebestfeasible
politicalpolicy,eventhoughtheremaybebetterpoliciesinprinciple.
TheTermsofTradeArgumentforaTariff(赞同关税的贸易条件改进论)
Fora“large”country,atarifforquotalowersthepriceofimportsinworld
,asmalltariffwillleadto
anincreaseinnationalwelfareforalargecountry.
TheOptimumTariff(最优关税)
Foralargecountry,thereisanoptimumtarifft0atwhichthemarginalgain
fromimprovedtermsoftradejustequalsthemarginalefficiencylossfrom
productionandconsumptiondistortion.
Atariffratetpthatcompletelyprohibitsimportsleavesacountryworseoff,
buttariffratet0mayexistthatmaximizesnationalwelfare:anoptimumtariff.
TheDomesticMarketFailureArgumentAgainstFreeTrade(反对自由贸易的国内市场
失灵论)
Asecondargumentagainstfreetradeisthatdomesticmarketfailures(国内
市场失灵)mayexistthatcausefreetradetobeasuboptimalpolicy(次优政策).
theoryofthesecondbest(次优理论)