整理文体学答案.docx

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文体学课后题
1、2单元
andobjectiverole(theaffectedortheresultoftheaction).
1Identify
andclassifypatternsof
soundrepetitioninthefollowing
4
What
is
a
simple
sentence?
What
is
amultiple
sentence?
examples.
Directly/indirectly
1)Wordsandphrases
A
simplesentenceconforms
tothebasicclausestructureSV(O)
(C)
shilly-shally
=pararhymesuper-duper
=rhyme
(A).
highandmighty=assonancefairandsquare=rhyme

kithandkin=reverserhymetoilandmoil=rhyme
compoundsentence,acomplexsentence,oramixedsentence.
partandparcel=reverserhymebyhookorbycrook=rhyme
D::relativeclausesfunctionas
2)PrideandPrejudice=alliteration
modifiedinNPandcomparativecfasminNPADJP
TheLove’slabourLost=alliteration
OfMiceandMan=alliteration
5Whatisthedifferencebetweenaminorsentenceandanincomplete
BillRogers,MarvelousMarathonMan=alliteration
sentence?
FatherinaFix=alliteration
WitchWatch=alliteration
Neither
type
conforms
to

aminor
TheWonderofWaterfall=alliteration
sentenceissupposedtobe
“complete
”inthesensethatitisfinished.
3)Advertisements
An
incomplete
sentencenevercomesto
itsendbecauseof
sudden
--DrinkaPintaMilkaDay=soundelision
,
--ExtraPintasWarmaWinta=soundelision
(1)
Attention,please.(2)
Help!
--,
(3)
Goingtothelecture?(4)
Whyareyoulate?
BecauseI—
—butdon’,(1)(2)(3)areminorsentenceswhereas(4)isan
=(inorder)alliteration;alliteration;reverserhyme;alliteration
incomplete.
2Theunderlinedword(s)ineachofthefollowingexamples
6Whatarethemajorcomponentsofanounphrase?Whatistheuseof
1)NimChimpskysoundslikeNoamChompsky,whobelievesthatman
pre-modification?
hasalanguagelearningdeviceinthemind,whichenablesthechildto
Whatisthefunctionofpost-modification?

A
complete
noun
phraseconsists
offourconstituents:determiner,
from
animal,which
doesnothavesuch
a

is
why
pre-modifier,headandpost-,
chimpanzee(whoisconsideredtobethemostintelligentanimal)can
numerals,numeralpronouns;allthewordsbetweenthedeterminative
neverlearnthelanguagehoweverharditistaught.
andtheheadarepre-modifier,whateverpartofspeechtheybelongto;
2)Romeowisawordimitatingthesoundmadebyacatandsharesthe
theheadcanbeanounor
apronoun;thepost-modifierisusuallya
samepronunciationwiththemain
characterin
Shakespeare’tragedys
prepositional
phrase,a
noun
phrase,anon-finite
clause,
a
relative


that
clause,etc.
Romeowthecathasaffectionforthemaster.
Frequent
use
of
pre-modification
in
newspaper
headlines
can
3)
RecordshopnamedMobyDisc,whichimpliesitisahugeshop
economizespace,and
arousethe
reader
’interestsaswellbecause
ofitskind,foritremindsoneoftheMobyDick,abookwhichdepicts
pre-modification
isusually
short,thuscannotspell

peoplehuntahugewholecalledMobyDick.
keepsthereaderinsuspenseandkicksuptheireagernesstofindout.
31)phonologicaldevicesinthefollowingextract.
Pre-modificationtendstobeinformalandappearsinlessformalstyle.
Acreakofhinges...aisle.
Post-modification
can
be
very
long
and
complicated.
Using
Inthispassagetheauthorsusesalliterationhigh-heeled,assonancetiled
post-modification
cangive
enoughroom
for
details
andfor
further

information.
Therefore,itisfrequentlyusedin
moreformal
contexts,
onomatopoeicwordssuchascreak,boomingthud,flutter,tiptap,which
for
instance,
written
language.
Written
legal
English
prefers

post-modification
innounphrases,becausethecomposer
of
alegal
suchwordshelpthereadersharethesameexperienceofthewriterand
documentmustensurethatitconveysmeaningexactlyandexplicitly,
makethedescriptionvividandbelievable.
guardingagainstanypossiblemisinterpretation.
2)ReadthefollowingextractfromthenovelAdventuresofTom
7Whatarethethreebasicfactorsintheformationofwrittentexts?
3)Sawyerandcommentonthegraphologicalforms.
Foreffective
presentationofinformationandlanguageprocessingon
“TOM!”
thepartofthereader,weusuallyattachimportancetosequence,
Noanswer.
...--MarkTwai
segmentationandsaliencein
theformationoftexts,bothspokenand
ThisisoneepisodeofthenovelAdventuresofTomSawyer,depicting
written.
howGrannyislookingforTom,whoisnaughtyandhidingunderthe
8Whichtypeofbranchingiscommonininformalspeech?Whichtype

ofbranchingispreferredinwrittenstyles?

we
readit,
we
havethefeelingof
watching
Right-branchingiscommoninspeech,inrelaxedandinformal
,
“TOM!”issaidlouder
than
-branchinganduse
“Tom!”.-o“Y-u-u,Tom!”indicatesGrannydrawlshervoiceandwith
short,simplesentencestorepresentanarrativestyleofsimplicity,

“!directness”
-branching,however,isbetter
showheremotion,
andthedash“—“implies

adaptedtowritingbecauseitisstructurallymorecompactand
italicizedthrough
emphasizesthe
contrastwith
“overand”
“under”,
logical,
humorouslyimplyingherglassesareintendedforornamentratherthan
presentedfirst,postponingthemainidea,readersoftenfeelin
,weseetheonlycharacterGranny,
suspenseandtrytoreadontoobtainthemainideatowardsthe

likeastagemonologue.
endofthesentence.
Afterreading,
9What
isthe
basicphraseorder?What
arethestylistic
effectsof
isatouchofhumourallthrough.
frontingandpostponement?
3单元
ThebasicphraseorderinanEnglishdeclarativeclauseismoreorless
1Whatarethethreewaysofclauseclassification?
fixed:SV(O)(C)(A),
classificationaccordingtoconstituents,
theordercanmakeaparticularlanguageunitmoresalient.
constituentsclausescanbegroupedintoSV(A),SVO(A),SVC,SVOO,
Fronting
refersthemovementofasententialelementfrom
itsusual

verbphrasewe
havefinite
clause,non-finiteclauseand
positiontothefront,andpostponementrefersthemovementofa

becategorized
eitheras
linguistic
unitfromitsnormalplacetowardstheend
of
the
independentclauseordependentclause.

2howdowedistinguishsituationtypes?
example,
Byaccordingtomeaningorsenseoftheverb.
(1),.(fronting
3Nametheparticipantrolesinactiontypes?
talentandcapitalforemphasis)
The
participant
rolesinactiontypesare:agentiverole(doerof
the
(2)
AcarstoppedandoutsteppedthePresidentof
theUniversity.
action),externalforce(causeroftheaction),intrumental
role
(PostponingPresidentoftheUniversityagainforemphasis)
(tooltodotheactionwith),recipientrole(receiveroftheaction)
10Whatissyntacticparallelismanditsfunction?
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Syntacticparallelismreferstotherepetitionofthesamesyntacticform
5)
car,jeep,van,tanker,minibus,cart,bicycle
(vehicle)
(,aspect)andphrase/clausestructure
intwoormore
8Thewordsineachofthefollowinggroupshaveroughly
asimilar


their
associate
Appreciative
Neutral
Pejorative
meanings.
9ComparetheABextractsinterms
work
drudgery,toil,
1)
thepercentageofAnglo-Saxonwords;
grind
thepercentageofLatinatewordsofthreesyllablesandmore.
fashion,style
vogue
fad
In
Aof
the48words,only
six
comefrom
otherlanguages,fourof
policeman,cop
flatfoot
whicharefromFrench,butin
Bofthe39words,18wordsarefrom
civilservant
government
bureaucrat

makeupa
official
famous,celebrated,
notorious
highpercentageinB,itismuchmoredifficulttounderstand.
10Commentontheadjectiveusedinthefollowingadvertisement.
renowned
(Manhattanshirts,slacksandaccessories)
portly,stout,chubby,
fat
Topersuadethewould-becustomerstobuytheproduct,theauthoruses
plump
aseriesofappreciativeadjectives:confident,correct,successful,strong,
adventurous,daring
reckless,rash
savvy,fashionable,happy,robust,virile,andwise,plusfamoustoshow
antithesis,,
whatgoodthingsManhattanBrandproductswouldbringtothebuyer.
.
Powerdrill.
And
5单元
.
1Whatisdialect?

Adialectisavarietyhabituallyadoptedbypeopleinacertainregion
thereaderfinishesthereading,theywill
not
forgetthebrandname
(regionaldialect)orbypeopleofacertainsocialgroup(socialdialect).
Power.
Dialects
differ
from
one
another
in
vocabulary,
grammar
and
4单元
pronunciation.
2WhatisthedifferenceintheeffectbetweentheuseofLatinateand
oneregionaldialectspeakermaybeabletospeakmorethanonesocial
dialectwhenneeded.
thatofnativewords?Why?
2Whatisthedifferencebetweendialectandaccent?
Generallyspeaking,Latinatewordsarewordsofscience,religionand
Accentisthespecialphonologicalfeaturesshownbyonewhospeaksa
officialcommunication;andinmostcases,theyhelptocreatethe

effectofcoolness,
accents,standardandnon-
may
shift
from
one
Anglo-SaxonoriginconstituteEnglish-
speakingpeople
’sbasic

dialecttoanotherwhilespeakingbuts/heisunabletocoverhisorher
,aLondonerspeaksBritishEnglishwithaLondon
percentageofAnglo-Saxonwordsisquiteusualininformalstyle.
accent,butapersonborn
andbrought
upinManchestermayspeak
3Whatisthedifferencebetweenageneralwordandaspecificword?
BritishEnglishwithaManchesteraccent.
Isittruethatuseofspecificwordsshouldalwaysbe
3What
isStandardEnglish?Is
thereastandardaccentwith
which
recommended?
peoplespeakStandardEnglish?
Awordisgeneralwhen
itreferstoagroupof
objectsoraclassof
StandardEnglishreferstotheparticularsocially-favoured
variety
objectsoraction,andspecificwhenitreferstoamemberofthatgroup
whichisbasedonthespeechandwriting
ofeducatedusersof
the
(superordinate)and

awidelyaccepted,codified
grammarandvocabulary,
specific(subordinate)
SEisprimarily
usedfor
public
communication:
usedin
books
and
vaguetoconvey

wordsis
newspapers,officialdocumentsandnewsbroadcasts;inschools,taught
moreinformativeindetailandcanevokevividimagesinthereader
’
tonon-nativelearnersofEnglish.
orhearer’,generaltermsarepreferred,whenthereis
,
oneaccentismostwidelyaccepted
noneedforspecification,orwhentheuserwantstoleavethingsvague
suchasRP(receivedpronunciation)
in
British

this
forsome(tactical)reason.
accentisrelatedtoBBC
broadcaster,theroyal
familyandeducated
5Whatisrepetition?Whatisreiteration?Whyshouldpeopleemploy
speech,itisconsideredtobethestandardaccentinBritain.
repetitionandreiterationinspeechorwriting?
6单元
Whenalinguisticformisusedtwiceormore,theresultisrepetition.
1
1)Whatdoes‘channelimitation
mean?’
Howdoeschannel
Forexample,
limitationaffectlanguageuse?
We
beginourmorning
classat8:
beginsat11:30and
Channellimitationmeansthatthetransmissionofamessageislimited
afternoonclassesbeginat2:00again.
toonechannelonly—,inmostcases,hasno
Whenthesameideaisrepeatedinadifferentform,
cha