我国铅物质流的分析研究.pdf

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SUBSTANCEFLOWANALYSISOFLEADINCHINA
GuoXueyi*,ZhongJuya,SongYu,TianQinghua
SchoolofMetallurgicalScience&Engineering,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha,Hunan,
China(410083)
Abstract
ThemethodofSubstanceFlowAnalysis(abbreviatedasSFA)providesahelpfultoolforthestudyof


China,2006,wastracedwithintheSTAFmodel,andthesituationofproduction,consumptionand

oneyearlifecycleindetail,andseveralmainaverageindexesfrom2000to2006werecalculatedas
following:PZ=%、PS=%、MZ=%、MS=%、R==.
Asoneofthebiggestproducerandconsumerofleadintheworld,fromalong-termpointofview,

,severaladviceswereproposedin
thepaper,aimingtocontributeimportantreferenceinformationfortheindustrialmetabolismand
resourcemanagementandrecyclingofleadindustryinChina.
Keywords:SubstanceFlowAnalysis;Lead;LifeCycle;ResourceEfficiency;Recycling

Leadhasadulllusterandisadense,ductile,verysoft,highlymalleable,bluish-whitemetalthat
,andbecauseof
thisproperty,itisusedtocontaincorrosiveliquids(.,sulfuricacid).Becauseleadisvery
malleableandresistanttocorrosionitisextensivelyusedinbuildingconstruction,.,external

,except
204Pb,istheendproductofacomplexradioactivedecay(seeisotopesofleadbelow).Leadisalso
poisonous.
Metallicleaddoesoccurinnature,,silverand
(mostabundantly)copper,
galena(PbS),%(PbCO3)and
anglesite(PbSO4).
Leadisoneoftencommonlyusednon-ferrousmetals,theproductionofwhichisinthefourth
position,justbehindaluminum,zinc,copper,andiswidelyusedinmetalmaterialsinChina's
,chemicalpreservative,anti-ray
radiation,metallurgyalloys,glass,electrical-electronic(solderandcables,etc.),machinery
manufacturing,,beingjust
surpassedbyothermetalsasiron,copper,
itsoxide(PbO)isproducingelectricalbatteriesforvehicles[1-2].
Generally,
,thisaccumulateleadwillbeabsorbedbythe

insecticides.
Leadanditssulfideareincapableofabsorption,andareconsideredpracticallyinnocuous.
However,thesolublesalts,suchasthechloride,thenitrate,theacetate,.

-1-:.

intoxicationsymptomsareintestinalmal-function,strongabdominalpains,diarrhea,appetiteloss,
nausea,vomitingandcramps[2-4].
Atpresent,inordertoreducetheglobalextentofthedeteriorationofecologicalenvironment,
therearestillmanypeoplecallingthattheuseofleadinindustrialproductionandhumanlife
,itisimportantandindispensabletomakethestudyon
substanceflowanalysisoflead.

Inthe“STAF”model,thesubstanceflowanalysisofleadcomprisesfourprimarycomponents:
production,manufactureandfabrication,
,milling,
,whichinvolvesthe
fourmainprocessesandseveralbranchprocesses,andallthesubstanceflowsconnectingthem
together,whilethelossintothebiosphereisnotincluded[5-6].
Import/Export
LeadconcentrateRefinedleadandproductBorderexchange
Scrapmetal
Oldwaste
Oldscrap
Lithospher
ManufacturingBatteryUseWastemanagement
ProductionPigment
MilitaryammunitionMetallurgyMSW
OreLeadCollection&Separation
Mine/MillGasolineadditiveLeadMachine
processingCablesheathingGlassC&D
product
ConcentrateSolderBattery
NewwasteWEEEWastesLand-
SmeltingOthersfilled
RefinedProductEOLVwaste
TailingleadExchangIncineration
CrudeleadSS
LeadalloyFoundryalloy
RefiningI&HWAshe
processingPrintingalloyAlloy
SlagOthersproductsStock
ProductLandfill
NewscrapNewscrap
[7]
In2006,(thecontentoflead,thesamein
thefollowingtextifnotspeciallyindicated),whichincludesthecontentofleadinleadores,
concentratesandmixedleadores;.
TheproductionandconsumptionofleadingotarelistedinTable1.
Thedatesofimported&exportedlead,oldscrapandlead-productsarelistedintable2,which
showthatboththeimportedleadoresandexportedleadconcentrates&lead-acidbatteriesare
-2-:.

large,whiletheimport&exporttradevolumeofleadalloysandscrapsareverysmall,whichcan
beignoredinthesubstanceflowanalysis.
[7],2002-2004(Gg/year)
Project200420052006

Leadingot

production
Crudelead

production
Leadingot

consumption


Theleadingotoutputincludesthesecondaryleadandleadinhardleadfromprimal&recycled
materialslead.
Table2Thedataofimported&exportedlead,oldscrapsandlead-product
(Physicalvolume)[7](Tradevolume,Gg/year)
ProjectExportImport

UnwroughtPb(products)
Amongthem:

Leadscrap--


Leadoxide/yellowlead/
Leadinlead-

(%Pb)
producestailings(%Pb)andconcentrates(%Pb);theconcentratesarefedintosmelterto
producecrudelead(95%Pb)andslag;thecrudeleadisfurtherrefinedintohigh-purityelectrolytic
refinedlead(99%Pb)[7].Atpresent,almostalltheelectrolyticleadisproducedby
pyro-metallurgicalprocess,whilemainmineralleadproducedbysintering-blastfurnacesmelting
-metallurgicalprocessand
developedthedirectrefiningprocessforlead,insomeextent,whichreducetheemissionsof
pollutant,butitisfailedtoeliminatetheSO2,leadsteamandtheenvironmentalpollutioncaused
byleadeddustcompletely[8-10].

refinedlead,slag,tailings,()and
efficiencyofdressing(%)in2006,itcanbecalculatedthecontentofleadindomesticlead

-3-:.

,2006,whichiscalculatedbasedonthesmeltingrecoveryrateoflead
(%)andnetimportedleadores()[7].

Themanufacture&fabricationofleadincludestheproductionofsemi-productsandmanufacture
,leadandscrapsflowintothisstageandpurelead&lead

waystoflowasfollowing:flowingintoproduction(fortheproductionofrecoveredleadingot);
flowingintothestageoffabricationandmanufacture(forthere-smeltingordirectuse);flowing
intothestageofwastemanagement(asharmlessorharmfulindustrialwaste,IW&HW).Inthe
SFA,itisassumedthatthenewscrapproducedinthemanufactureandfabricationstagedidn’t
participateinthetradeactivitiesamongtheregions,so,onlythenewscrapflowedintothe
productionandfabrication&manufacturestageweretakenintoaccountintheregionallevel[11].
Thesubstanceflowsofleadfromtheproductiontothemanufacture&fabricationstageisa
branchoftheoutflowsoftheproduction,whilethesubstanceflowsofleadfrommanufacture&

substancesflowofleadfromthemanufacture&fabricationtousestageisequaltothedifference
betweentheinflowsandoutflowsofthemanufacture&fabricationstage.
InChina,2006,therawmaterialsflowingintostageofmanufacture&fabricationinthesubstance
flowofleadare:,(10%of
refinedleadingots).(80%oftotalleadscraps)leadscrapsflowinginto
manufacture&fabrication,(20%oftotalleadscraps)leadscrapsreturnedinto
production.

(suchas
batteries),orinfrastructures(suchascableandalloyplates)tobuildupbiggersystem(suchas
buildingsandtelecomnets)[12].
InChina,themajorpurposesofleadarebatteries,
averagecontentofthethreeproductsinthetotalleadconsumptionis85%ayear[13].Batteryisthe
largestuseroflead,theleadcontentofwhichismorethan70%ofthetotalleadinChina,in
recentyear,theimportedandexportedlead-acidbatterieshaveincreasedgreatly[5].Sincetheauto
industryisthelargestuserofbatteryandbatteryisthelargestapplicationareaoflead,therefore,
inourcountry,thedevelopmentoftheautoindustryandrapidincreaseofthenumberofautois
[14]
themaindrivingforceforthegrowthofleaddemand.
Inaddition,becauseofplasticcable'srapiddevelopment,thedemandofleadforChina'scable
industryhasawatershedin1987,beforeandafterwhich,thedemandappearedgrewanddeclining
,whichiswidelyused
inglass,ceramics,leadsaltpreparation,paints,polyvinylchlorideandrubberproductionandother
industry[15].

Wastemanagementincludescollectionandseparationofwaste,inwhichtheleadcomponentsof
wasteturnintosecondaryleadthroughseparationandrecycling,andtherestaresentto

intotheenvironment,whilesomeleadremainsintheenvironmentthroughlandfill.
-4-:.

Theleadproductsaremainlydiscardedinthefollowingsevenwastecategories:municipalsolid
waste(MSW)、construction&demolitionwaste(C&D)、wastefromelectronicandelectrical
equipment(WEEE)、end-of-life-vehicles(EOLV)、sewagesludge(SS)、industrialwaste(IW)and
hazardouswaste(HW).Eachcategoryofwasteflowinfourways:⑴beingsentbacktosmelter
andrefinertorecoverylead;⑵beingland-filledwithlossintotheenvironment;⑶beingsentto
incinerationwithsomeland-filledandothersflowintotheenvironment;⑷beingabsentinthe
flowsintothewastemanagementsystem[16-17].
China'ssecondaryleadrecyclingstartedearlierthanothercountries,withlargeresourcesforraw
materials,andmorethan85%ofwhichisfromwasteoflead-acidbatteries,asmallamountcome
fromcableforeskin,acid-proofcontainerslining,printingalloy,tinleadsolderandbearingalloy.
Foralongtime,inChina,sincetheapproachof"payoldtobuynew"isusedinbatterysales,the
recyclingstatusofleadscrapisrelativelygood,andkeepsincreaseinthepastyears[18].
Accordingtoreferences,itisestimatedthatthedomesticrecoveryscrapresourcesusedin
productionandmanufacture&(newscrapsandoldscrapsare
,respectively),whichis45%intotalamountoftherefinedlead,andof
,thereareabout
&fabricationwhichflowintothepro