foliar fungi of betula pendula impact of tree species mixtures and assessment methods 2017 diem nguyen学术.pdf

该【foliar fungi of betula pendula impact of tree species mixtures and assessment methods 2017 diem nguyen学术 】是由【探春文档】上传分享，文档一共【11】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【foliar fungi of betula pendula impact of tree species mixtures and assessment methods 2017 diem nguyen学术 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..entificreportsOPENFoliarfungiofBetulapendula:impactoftreespeciesmixturesandassessmentmethodsReceived:21July2016DiemNguyen1,2,JohannaBoberg1,MichelleCleary3,HelgeBruelheide4,5,LydiaH?nig4,accepted:30December2016JuliaKoricheva6&JanStenlid1Published:02February2017Foliarfungiofsilverbirch(Betulapendula)inanexperimentalFinnishforestwereinvestigatedacrossagradientoftreespeciesrichnessusingmolecularhigh-,,position,diversity,-positioncouldbepartiallyexplainedbytreediversity,,wheretheproportionofbirchamongneighbouringtreesvaried,,,high-munity,,,amongotherthings,timberandpulp,carbonsequestration,andhabitatsforplantsandanimalsthat,byextension,ben-,,mixedforeststandsaregenerallyconsideredtobebetteradaptedtochangingenvironmentalcon-ditions,andaremoreresistanttoabioticandbioticdamagesthanpurespeciesstands5,,andasubsequentincreaseinplantsurvivalandgrowth7,,itisnotmunities9–,suchasendophytes,saprotrophs,,reproduce,-hosttreescanreducediseaseriskswhenthedensityoftheseheter-ospecifictreesincreases;,treespeciesdiversitycannegativelyimpactfungalpathogensthatspecializeonaspecifichost14,,generalistpathogens,whoseresourcespecializationisbroad,maybelessaffectedbytreespeciesdiversity16,,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,75007Uppsala,,UppsalaUniversity,75236Uppsala,,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,23053Alnarp,,MartinLutherUniversityHalle-Wittenberg,06108Halle,(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig,04103Leipzig,,Egham,SurreyTW200EX,.(email:Diem.******@)ScientificRepoRts|7:41801|DOI::..entificreports/limitedbythepresenceofnon--hostspecieshavealsobeensuggestedtopromotenaturalenemiesthatcanlimitorpreventpathogeninfection,ebarri-erstodiseasespread14,19–,.,atthescaleofthelocalneighbourhood,,andassuch,,,whichmayinfluencethebiologyofthepathogen9,,thepresenceofspecifictreespecies,resultingintreespeciesidentityeffects,ratherthanthediversityoftreespecies,hasbeenshowntoinfluencefungalinfec-tions10,22,,whenQuercuswaspresentinaplotwithothertreespecies,-,traditionalculture-dependentmethodshavebeenusedtodiscover,detect,andidentifyfun-,,onlyafractionofallfungipresentcanbeisolatedandcultivated,,,oftenemployedindependentlyduetotechnicalconstraintsand/orlackofexpertise,munitiesofleaves9,,fungithatmakerecognizablestructuresorcharacteristicdamagescanbeidentifiedtogenuslevel,andinsomecasestospecieslevel,,manyspeciesthatmaybepresentinorontheleavesmakenoobservablesignsorsymptoms,esevident27,-tions,,(ITS)regionsoftheribosomalRNAgenes28,-throughputsequencingmethods,suchas454pyrosequencing,,high-,vegetationzones,warming,andhostgenotypeswerefoundposition,diversity,andfunction31–-throughputsequencingapproachesareexpectedtoshowthesameresponsetotreespeciesdiversity,unless:a)themolecularapproachfailstodetectmorphologicallyvisi-,forexample,anismspresentcannotbefullyextractedorhasbeendegraded,and/orb)thequantificationdiffers(.,),,,andthus,thereisanecessitytocross-,weinvestigatedwhetherthetwomethods(.,high-throughputsequencingandvisualmacro-scopicassessmentofleaves)(BetulapendulaRoth),animportantbroadleavedtreespeciesforforestryinnorthernandeasternEurope,-termSatakuntaforestdiversityexperimentinSWFinlandwheresilverbirchhasbeenplantedinmonoculture,two-,three-andfive-speciesmix-tures35,-roscopicassessment,,weposition,--throughputsequencingofthefungalITS2regionfrombirchleavesresultedin29,849highqualitysequencereads(‘reads’),clusteredinto184OTUsand132singletons(Supplementary?Table?S1).Clusterscontainingbirchsequences(14OTUs)andalgae(9OTUs)wereremoved,,prised45OTUsand6712readsinthe55sam-pledtrees(Supplementary?Table?S2).Eachsamplehadbetween18and412reads,andbetween6and30OTUs(median:103readsand18OTUspersample).monOTUs,urredinatleasthalfofthesamples,andofwhichtherewere13,accountedfor83%ofthereadsand29%(.,ycotaOTUs,10BasidiomycotaOTU,and1unidentifiedfungus).yceteshadSCIENTIFICRepoRts|7:41801|DOI::..entificreports/Accessionumberofclosest%,withspecieslevelbetween98–100%similarity,genuslevelbetween94–97%similarityandorderlevelbetween80–93%%,(OTU)ineachsample(n=55).,andtheputativetaxonomicranksofclassandorderarenotedwherespecies-(.,ycota,743readsforBasidiomycota,and257readsfortheunidentifiedfungus).monandabundantOTU(.,OTU_3)had1324reads,,OTU_3wasidentifiedaseitherVenturiaditri-,butthoseOTUscouldnotbeidentifiedtospecieslevel(Table?1).,Disculabetulina,Atoposporabetulina,,%,andassuch,%oftheleafsurfacepertree(range:–%),%oftheleafsurfacepertree(range:5–%).However,,namely,on4and14leavesoutof547leaves,,%%oftheleafsurfacepertree,-linawasdetectedonfourtreesoutof55trees:twotreesfromatwo-speciesmixtureplot,onetreefromadifferenttwo-speciesmixtureplot,andonefromafive-:onetreefromatwo-speciesmixtureplot,fivetreesfromfourdifferentthree-speciesmixtureplots,andfourtreesfromtwodifferentfive--dantOTUsdetectedbyhigh-,(Table?2).Thus,