understanding motives for aggression in forensic psychiatric patients a preliminary study michael lewis资料.pdf

该【understanding motives for aggression in forensic psychiatric patients a preliminary study michael lewis资料 】是由【宝钗文档】上传分享，文档一共【14】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【understanding motives for aggression in forensic psychiatric patients a preliminary study michael lewis资料 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..TheJournalofForensicPsychiatry&PsychologyISSN:1478-9949(Print)1478-9957(Online)Journalhomepage:https:///rjfp20Understandingmotivesforaggressioninforensicpsychiatricpatients:apreliminarystudyMichaelLewis&:MichaelLewis&(2019):Understandingmotivesforaggressioninforensicpsychiatricpatients:apreliminarystudy,TheJournalofForensicPsychiatry&Psychology,DOI:.1570541Tolinktothisarticle:https:///.1570541Publishedonline::25ViewCrossmarkdataFullTerms&essandusecanbefoundathttps://ion/journalInformation?journalCode=rjfp20:..THEJOURNALOFFORENSICPSYCHIATRY&PSYCHOLOGYhttps:///.1570541Understandingmotivesforaggressioninforensicpsychiatricpatients:,UniversityofCentralLancashireandAshworthResearchCentre,Preston,UK;bAshworthResearchCentre,UniversityofCentralLancashireandAshworthResearchCentre,Liverpool,-reportmeasures,includingtheAggressionMotivationQuestionnaire,RevisedEXPAGGandBarrattImpulsivenessScale-,ClinicalandRisk-Management(HCR-20)andthePsychopathyChecklist-(n=9).Increasedpsychopathyandimpulsivity,andthepresenceofhistoricalriskitemswerepre-?rstviolentincidentandpersonalitydis-?edsocialrecognition,--cussedwithregardstotheirimplicationforviolencetreatmentandassessment,;Accepted6January2019KEYWORDSAggressionmotivation;aggression;functionalassessment;SORC;forensicpsychiatryIntroductionCapturingaggressionmotivationisimportantinunderstandingwhyaggressionhasemergedandhowitcanbeprevented(Ireland,2018).Motivescanbeimplicitorexplicitreasonsforengaginginandperform-ingagivenbehaviour(Ajzen,1991).aniseanindividual’scogni-tion,emotionandbehaviourintocoherentaction,-monelements(Reiss,2004).Itistheseele-mentsthataresalientwhenattendingtotreatmentneedsandaggressionmanagement(Ohlsson&Ireland,2011).******@?2019InformaUKLimited,tradingasTaylor&FrancisGroup:..?rsttoacknowledgethataggressioncanbeseparatedintotwodistincttypesbasedonunderlyingfunctions,namelyproactiveandreactiveaggression(Dodge&Coie,1987).Proactiveaggressionhasbeendescribedasinstrumental,anised(Ireland,2018),andgen-,whichpurportthatmaladaptivebehaviours,suchasaggression,areacquiredthroughobservationallearningandreinforcedovertimeviaperceivedoractualreward(Dodge&Coie,1987).Reactiveaggression,how-ever,isdrivenbyemotionandthoughttobeuncontrolledandimpulsive,urringinresponsetoablockedgoal(Ireland,2018).Motivationisnotabinaryconcept,-motiveaggres-,however,hasfocusedonthedichotomyandnottheconceptofmixed-(,Fite,&Poquiz,2016),adolescents(,Steinlin,&Stadler,2017)andadults(,Richey,Dipierro,Brown,&Bortolato,2016).However,thereparativelylittleresearchexploringtheapplicationofsuchconceptstoforensicsamples,whichissurprisingasaggressionisreadilyassociatedwitho?enders(Watts&Howells,1999)(2002)identi?-esteem,viewingviolenceastheonlysolution,pridein?ghtingskills,experiencingminimalstresstolerance,protest,persistentsubversion,intoleranceofrules,homicidalurgesandperceivingprovoca-?uencethedevelopmentofthesemotivesviacognitivebias()andconse-quently,?callyrelatetothea?ectivestateofhyper-irritability,--established,theFactorI(?ec-ponentofpsychopathyhasbeenfoundtobemostpredictiveofproactiveaggressionasopposedtoFactorII(-style),whichisassociatedmorewithreactiveaggression(Bezdjian,Tuvblad,Raine,&Baker,2011).Morerecentresearch(.,2018)identi-?edemotiontomediatethisrelationship,withcallous-unemotionaltraits(FactorI)relatingtobothproactiveandreactiveaggression,whereasinhi-bitorycontrolproblems,capturedasemotionaldysregulation(FactorII),,consideredacoretraitofFactorIIpsychopathy(Hare,2003),hasalsobeenestablishedas:..THEJOURNALOFFORENSICPSYCHIATRY&PSYCHOLOGY3afundamentalcharacteristicofmoreexpressiveorreactiveformsofaggres-sivebehaviour(al.,2018).Attemptshavebeenmadetounderstandthepsychologicalaspectsofaggressionexhibitedbythoseresidinginmentalhealthsettings,withKockler,Standford,Nelson,Meloy,andSanford(2006)reportingthat60%oftheaggressivepatientsresidingonasecurewardactedimpulsively,-plingforensicinpatientscategorisedaggressionasmanifestingfromimpairedimpulsecontrol,psychopathictraitsorpsychoticsymptoms(al.,2003).These?ndingsappeartobemissingthefunctionalaspectofaggression,attributingtheactsolelytopsychopathologyorstructuralfactors(Da?ern,Howells,&Oglo?,2007;Urheimetal.,2014).esswhencapturingthepurposeofaggressionoccurringwithinforensicpsychiatricsettings,al.(2007)notingfunctionstoincludeexpressinganger,tensionreduction,forcedcompliance,demandingavoidance,?edformostincidents,,sinceaggressionisdescribedasaheterogeneousconcept(Urheimetal.,2014),itislogicaltoconsiderthatfunctionsmaydi?(2011)notedthisamongasampleofprisoners(n=206),reportingfoursalientto;Protection;Socialrecognition;e;?en-dersdi?eredontheirunderlyingmotivesforrecentactsofaggression,whichwasconsistentwiththeworkofGudjonssenandSigurdsson(2007),ountedforbyaspeci?cpatternofpersonalitytraits,?endersweremorelikelytocitemotivesofpositiveout-paredtothosewithnon-(2011)foundnopreferenceforreactiveorproactivemotivation,notinghowaggressionmotivesareunderstoodbestasmixed-motived,?eredtocaptureaggressionmotivesinforensicpopulations,namelytheAppliedIntegratedModelofAggression(AIM-AM;Ohlsson,2018).Thisproposesthattheunderlyingcorecharacter-isticsofaggressionandnon-ponents,includingdevelopmental,a?ect,-AM,developmentalfactorsandadverselifeexperi-ences,suchasinsecureattachments(Bowlby,1988),promoteaggressionasthesein?uencecognition,aswellasemotionregulationandperson-alityfunctioning(Hoeveetal.,2012),andconsequently,theappraisaland:..--tiallythenature,binationofthesefactorsthoughttoe(-aggression;Ohlsson,2018).Asyet,,therehasbeennoattempttointegratemodelsofaggressionmotivationwithwell-developedmeansofassessingriskforviolenceinforensicpopulations,suchastheHistorical,ClinicalandRisk-Management-20v2(HCR-20v2;Webster,Douglas,Eaves,&Hart,1997).Thisissurprisingsinceclinicalformulationwouldarguablybene?tfromanintegratedapproachwhereaggressionisunderstoodviafunction,riskfactors,,esapparentisthataggressionmotivationanditsrelationshipwithfactors,suchaspsychopathy,impulsivityanddevelopmen-talrisk,(Da?ern&Howells,2002).Alackofmotivationhasbeenviewedascharacteristicofo?enderswithmentalhealthchallenges,andassuch,assessingforthefunctionofaggressionamongthispopulationappearscontradictory(Da?ern&Howells,2002).Historicalviewsliketheseareunhelpfulandinconsistentwithmoderninterventionsdesignedtoreducetheriskofaggression,wherethereisincreasedrecognitionofanabsenceofmotivelessaggression(Ireland,2018).Thepresentresearchaimstobegintoaddressthegapintheliteratureinforensic(psychiatric):1).ThehistoricalriskfactorsoftheHCR-20v2willallpositivelyrelatetoaggressionmotivation;2).Psychopathywillpositivelyrelatetoaggressionmotivation;3).Increasedlevelsofpsychopa-thywillassociatewithhigherlevelsofbeliefssupportiveofaggression;and4).,detainedinahighsecurepsychiatrichospital,-20v2,majormentalillnesswasde?nitelypresentin27participants,with14ofthesealsohavingaformaldiagnosisofperson--threeparticipantswereratedasexhibitingdi?(n=9)pleteafunctional:..THEJOURNALOFFORENSICPSYCHIATRY&(Archer&Haigh,1997)A16-itemself-,‘Ifeelthatphysicalaggressionisnecessarytogetthroughtosomepeople’.Expressivebeliefswerecapturedbyeightitems(.‘Ibelievethatesfromlosingmyself-control’).Allitemswereratedona?ve-pointLikertscale:(1)‘stronglydisagree’to(5)‘stronglyagree’.Barrattimpulsivenessscale-IIr(BIS-IIr;Barratt,1994)Thismodi?edversionoftheBIS-,‘Ihaveracingthoughts’,wereratedviaafour-pointLikertscale:(1)‘rarely/never’to(4)‘almostalways/always’.Twoitemswereremovedastheywerenotsuitableforforensic(ordetained)samples:‘Iplanforjobsecurity’and‘IchangewhereIlive’.Aggressionmotivationquestionnaire(AMQ;Ireland,2008)A46-itemquestionnairescoredona?ve-pointLikertscale:(1)‘totallydisagree’to(5)‘totallyagree’.Themeasureassessedmotivationsforaggres-sionthrough(Ohlsson&Ireland,2011):Protection(.‘Ihavehadtodefendmyself’);Socialrecognition(.‘Iwantedtogainareputation’);Positivee(.‘eforme’);andPleasure(.‘Ihavebeenfantasisingaboutusingaggression’).pletedtheSORCfunctionalassessment(Lee-Evans,1994)(S-timuli[triggers],O-rganism[historicalfactors],R-esponses[resultingbehaviour]andC-onsequences[reinforcers])pletedcollaboratively,,urredduringthepatient’:Historical,clinicalandrisk-management-20v2–historicalitems(HCR-20v2;Websteretal.,1997)The10rateditemswerepreviousviolence,youngageat?rstviolentincident,relationshipinstability,employmentproblems,substanceusepro-blems,majormentalillness,psychopat