Buses and Breaking Point Freedom of Expression and the ‘Brexit’ Campaign Andrew Reid.pdf

该【Buses and Breaking Point Freedom of Expression and the ‘Brexit’ Campaign Andrew Reid 】是由【周瑞】上传分享，文档一共【15】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【Buses and Breaking Point Freedom of Expression and the ‘Brexit’ Campaign Andrew Reid 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..EthicalTheoryandMoralPracticehttps:///-019-09999-1BusesandBreakingPoint:FreedomofExpressionandthe‘Brexit’CampaignAndrewReid1#TheAuthor(s)2019AbstractIntheaftermathofthe‘Brexit’referendumtwopiecesofcampaignmaterialusedbytheessfulLeavecampaignprovedcontroversial:asloganonthesideofabusfallaciouslyimplyingthatleavingtheEUwouldnecessarilyfreeup￡350millionaweekfortheNHS;andaposterstatingthatBritainwasatBBreakingPoint^–purportedlyduetoaninfluxofmigrants–-mission,,suchaspoliticalcampaigns,,,itunderminespublicjustificationinawaythatfalsefactualclaimsdonot,,roupsthatuseitmightjustifiablybesubjecttonon-,Idrawacontrastbetweenhatefulmaterialandcampaignmaterialthatmisleadsvoters,andarguethatevenwherethelatter*AndrewReida.******@,Birmingham,UK:..,‘Brexit’:theclaimemblazonedonthesideofthe‘battlebus’usedbyVoteLeave,anisationarguinginfavourofBrexit,thatBWesendtheEU￡350millionaweek,let’sfundourNHSinstead^;1andaposterputoutbyUKIP,themajorEuroscepticpartyinBritain,depictingalineofrefugeesfromtheMiddleEastwiththesloganBBreakingPoint^displayedinred(hereafterIrefertotheformerastheNHSbus,andthelatterastheBreakingPointposter).Mypersonalreactiontotheformerwasoneofindifference;eptthatpoliticiansplayfast-and-,Isuggestthatregulationoughttoreflectthisintuition;‘Remainers’.,;ifnothingelse,theNHSbusseemstohavecontributedpositivelytotheLeavevote,,,;instead,inareasonablyjust,liberalsociety,itoughttobethejobofcitizens,,theBreakingPointposterwarrantsnon-criminalsanctionappliedbytheElectoralCommission,orrelatedbodies,,imagerylikethiscultivatesanenvironmentwheresomecitizenscannotparticipatefullyinpolitics,,theclaimthatactsofspeechcanhavethiseffectisdifficulttoprovideevidencefor,;themainhypothesisthatspeechthathasthiseffectmightbesubjecttonon-criminalor‘soft’sanctions,whichisconditional;,IlocatemypositionrelativetoexistingdebatesaroundhatespeechanddemocracyandrespondtotheworrythatsanctionsonpoliticalpartiesofthekindthatIdescribeareanti-,andthroughoutthepaper,Idrawuponmaintothisquote–onthebusthereisalinebreakbetween‘week’and‘let’s’.2Iusethecolloquialterms‘Remainers’and‘Leavers’torefertocampaignersoneitherside.:..BusesandBreakingPoint:FreedomofExpressionandthe‘Brexit’,-authorshipoflawsamongstcitizens,‘equalpoliticalvoice’,Idonotmeanthateachcitizenhasthesameinfluenceonlaws,-tionalone-,touseWilliams’terminology,arightthatwemustBsecure^,ratherthansomethingthatcanbepossessedformally^(2005:107).,citizensmustenterdeliberationpreparedtojustifytheiropinions,andtolistentoothersandinsomecaseschangetheirminds(Dryzek2000:15).,,,fundingandsupportforpoliticalparties,’:ordancewithaconstitutiontheessentialsofwhichallcitizensasfreeandequalmayreasonablymonhumanreason.…Onlyapoliticalconceptionofjusticethatallcitizensmightbereasonablyexpectedtoendorsecanserveasthebasisforpublicreasonandjustification^.(Rawls2005:137)Iusetheterm‘somethinglike’ountsofsofRawls’thought:thatlegitimatelawsareeptabletoall,andthatcitizensmustbepreparedtojustifytheirpositionpublicly,inawaythatotherscanobserve,[a]coerciveaction:..(a)conclusivereason(s)RtoendorseC^(Vallier2011,262).passesbothofthedomi-nanttheoriesofpublicreasonatthispoint–theRawlsianmodelandthealternative‘convergence’(Larmore2015:78–9).ountsofdeliberativedemocracy:forexampleGutmannandThompsonseeaprincipleofreciprocityandanobligationtojustifycoercivelawstoallothercitizensasoneoftheunderlyingprinciplesoftheirtheory(2000:167).3Thereremainsdisagreementastowhetherafuller,deliberativesystemofdemocracyisrequiredbypublicjustification(seeGausandVallier2009).Forthepurposesofthispaper,Iassumesimplythatsomeprocessbywhichlawsarescrutinisedinpublicisnecessaryfortheirlegitimacyandforcitizenstoeffectivelyparticipateintheco--infamousNHSbuswasdeployedbyVoteLeave,‘WesendtheEU￡350millionaweek,let’sfundourNHSinstead’.SomeLeavecampaignershavearguedthattheyusedthefigureof‘thecostofanNHShospital’,disgruntledRemainershavearguedthatbyusingtheclaimsoprominently,itwouldhaveappearedtosomevotersthatBrexitwouldnecessarilyfreeup￡(Griffin2016).,,,andthebeliefthatBtheleavesidewonbecausethey…promisedsomethingthatdoesnotexist^(Rothstein2016).ThoughIamnotconvincedthattheNHSbusisuniquelyproblematicamongstliesinpoliticalcampaigns,,￡￡350millionperweekinitscoffersasaresultofBrexit,,whilsttheUK‘sends’￡350milliontotheEUasagrossfigure,italsoreceivesarebate,-partoftheUK’scontributiontotheEUgoesonoverseasdevelopmentprojects,theoverallfundinglevelsofwhicharean3SeealsoBohmanandRehg,ountsofdeliberativedemocracy(1997:xiii).4SeeParker(2016)forajournalisticdiscussionofthis.:..BusesandBreakingPoint:FreedomofExpressionandthe‘Brexit’,esasaresultofanypost-Brexiteconomicdownturn;onsequencesweretheresultofmodelling,andpredictions,?vedefenceoftheLeavecampaignmightbethatbecausethefigureishardtoreach,,,thepoliticaloperativewhoactedasthecampaignchiefforVoteLeavenotesinapersonalblogthat:BPunditsandMPskeptsaying‘whyisn’tLeavearguingabouttheeconomyandlivingstandards’.Theydidnotrealisethatformillionsofpeople,￡350m/NHSwasabouttheeconomyandlivingstandards…Itwasclearlythemosteffectiveargument…-peggingwithimmigra-?￡350m/NHS??NoWay.^(Cummings2017)Thisisnottosaythathebelievesthatpeoplebelievedthefigure,,hereferspellingstories^,andconnectingtheEUtoageneraldissatisfactionwiththeeconomicstateofthecountry(Ibid.).,B[e]verytimetherewasarowaboutthesizeofthecosttotaxpayersofEUmembership,itsimplyreinforcedinvoters’mindsthattherewasahighcost^(2017:259).TheideaherewasthatassoonasanyRemainerrespondedtotheNHSbuswitharesponseofthekind:‘actually,EUmembershipcosts￡