malaria the past and the present talapko参考-匠人.pdf

该【malaria the past and the present talapko参考-匠人 】是由【妙玉】上传分享，文档一共【17】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【malaria the past and the present talapko参考-匠人 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..anismsReviewMalaria:ThePastandthePresentJasminkaTalapko1,Ivana?krlec1,*,TamaraAlebi′c2,MelitaJuki′c2,3andAleksandarVˇcev1,21FacultyofDentalMedicineandHealth,JosipJurajStrossmayerUniversityofOsijek,Crkvena21,HR-31000Osijek,Croatia;******@(.);******@(.)2FacultyofMedicine,JosipJurajStrossmayerUniversityofOsijek,JosipaHuttlera4,HR-31000Osijek,Croatia;@(.);mjuki17@(.)3GeneralHospitalVukovar,?upanijska35,HR-32000Vukovar,Croatia*Correspondence:******@;Tel.:+385-91-2241-437


Received:9April2019;Accepted:19June2019;Published:21June2019
Abstract:MalariaisaseverediseasecausedbyparasitesofthegenusPlasmodium,,andearlydiagnosisandfast-,,,,focusingonlocalstrengtheningofprimaryhealthcare,earlydiagnosisofthedisease,timelytreatment,,,inthelastfewyears,,:Anopheles;antimalarials;malaria;ectedanestimated219millionpeoplecausing435,ortandresearchaimedatimprovingtheprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofmalaria[1].–%,andincasesofsevereformsofmalariainregionswithtropicalclimatefrom11–30%[2].Dierentstudiesshowedthattheprevalenceofmalariaparasiteinfectionhasincreasedsince2015[3,4].ThecausativeagentofmalariaisasmallprotozoonbelongingtothegroupofPlasmodiumspecies,[2,5].umulatesmalariapigment(aninsolublemetaboliteofhemoglobin).Parasitesondierentvertebrates;someinredbloodcells,,?,,,,-EastAsia,[5–8].AllthementionedPlasmodiumspeciescausethemonlyknownasmalaria(LatinforMalusaer?badair).Likewise,allspecieshavesimilarmorphologyandbiology[9].plexandtakesplaceintwophases;sexualandasexual,,mosquitoes,thesexualphaseoftheanisms2019,7,179;doi::..anisms2019,7,1792of17parasite’,theintermediatehostformalaria[9,10].,intheformofsporozoite,afterabitebyaninfectedfemalemosquito,entersthehumanbloodandafterhalfanhourofbloodcirculation,entersthehepatocytes[11].The?rstphaseofPlasmodiumursinthehepatocytes,[7,9,12,13].,[14].,aswellasthedisappearanceofsomenations[15].The?rstdescriptionsofmalariaarefoundinancientChinesemedicalrecordsof2700BC,and1200yearslaterintheEbersPapyrus[2].ThemilitaryleaderAlexandertheGreatdiedfrommalaria[15].TheevidencethatthisdiseasewaspresentwithinalllayersofsocietyisinthefactthatChristopherColumbus,AlbrechtDürer,ia,eWashingtonallsueredfromit[16,17].Althoughtheancientpeoplefrequentlyfacedmalariaanditssymptoms,,thus,statedthattheAssyrian-BabyloniandeityNergalwasportrayedasastylizedtwo-wingedinsect,aswastheCanaanZebub(‘Beelzebub,intranslation:themasterofthe?y’)[17].Inthe4thcenturyBC,pletelyrejecteditsdemonicoriginsandlinkeditwithevaporationfromswampswhich,wheninhaled,’sdiscoveryofthecauseofthedisease[18].Laveran,aFrenchmilitarysurgeon,?rstobservedparasitesinthebloodofmalariapatients,andforthatdiscoveryhereceivedtheNobelPrizein1907[19].CartwrightandBiddisstatethatmalariaisconsideredtobethemostwidespreadAfricandisease[14].ThecausativeagentofmalariaisasmallprotozoonbelongingtothegroupofPlasmodiumspecies,anditconsistsofseveralsubspecies[14].?veyears,ifleftuntreated,anddependingonthecause,,,,whichcanleadtoarapidhighparasitemiawithsubsequentdestructionoferythrocytes[20,21].Children,pregnantwomen,promisedandsplenectomizedpatientsareespeciallyvulnerabletomalariainfection,?rmclinical?,andindirectmethodsthatprovetheantibodiestothecausativeagents(Table1)[2,5,22].:..anisms2019,7,,cheapasequipmenturate,priceMoleculartestsCorrectdeterminationoftype,Price,long-terminalargenumberurateofcasesIndirectmethodsLongtimetoperform,subjectiveIndirectimmuno?uorescenceSpeci?c,sensitiveevaluationofresultsCorrectdeterminationoftype,ELISAspeci?c,sensitiveLongtimetoperform,priceThegoldstandardmethodformalariadiagnosisislightmicroscopyofstainedblood?,thismethodisnotavailableinmanypartsofsub-,anditispossibletodetectaninfectionwith10–100parasites/?ndinginpatientswithsymptomsdoesnotexcludemalaria,butsmearsshouldberepeatedthreetimesinintervalsof12–24hifthediseaseisstillsuspected[23,24].Diagnosisofmalariausingserologictestinghastraditionallybeendonebyimmuno?uorescenceantibodytesting(IFA).IFAistime-,?uorescencemicroscopyandquali?edtechnicians[23,25,26].RapidDiagnosticTests(RDT),?rstchoiceoftestallacrosstheworldinallmalaria-–100parasites/L(PfHRP2)to<100parasites/L[27,28].TheFDAapprovedthe??rmedbymicroscopicbloodanalysis[29].ItisknownthatantigensdetectedwithRDTtestremaininthebloodafterantimalarialtreatment,-positiveratesshouldbelessthan10%[30].SeveralRDTtestsintheeightroundsoftestingrevealedmalariaatalow-densityparasite(200parasites/L),hadlowfalse-[30].False-,between5%and15%.Ontheotherhand,thefalse-–32%[30,31].asionallygivefalse-negativeresultsiftheparasitedensityislow,%and11%[31–34].TheoverallsensitivityofRDTsis82%(range81–99%),andspeci?cityis89%(range88–99%)[35].Polymerasechainreaction(PCR)?/[23,36].,,PCRisusefulforthemonitoringofpatientsreceivingantimalariatreatment[36,37].Indirectmethodsareusedtodemonstrateantibodiestomalaria-,?uorescenceassay(IFA)oranELISA:..anisms2019,7,?candsensitivebutnotsuitableforalargenumberofsamples,,monlyused[26].uratediagnosisofmalariaisanintegralpartofappropriatetreatmentfora,asweetsagewortplantnamedQinghai(LatinArtemisiaannua)wasusedforthetreatmentofmalariainChina[38].Muchlater,inthe16thcentury,theSpanishinvadersinPerutookoverthecinchonamedicationagainstmalariaobtainedfromthebarkoftheCinchonatree(irubra).Fromthisplantin1820theFrenchchemists,PierreJosephPelletie,andJosephBienaiméCaventouisolatedtheactiveingredientquinine,,,,YouyouTureceivedtheNobelPrizeforPhysiologyandMedicinein2015[39–41].Mostoftheartemisinin-relateddrugsusedtodayareprodrugs,[42].mendstheuseofartemisinin-binationtherapies(ACT),sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine,andamodiaquine[1].Duetotheuniquestructureofartemisinins,ortsaredevotedtoclari?cationofdrugtargetsandmechanismsofaction,icproperties,andidentifyinganewgenerationofartemisininsagainstresistantPlasmodiumstrains[42].TheGermanchemistOthmerZeidlersynthesizeddichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT),nousesofDDTwasfound,anditjustbecameauselesschemical[43].TheinsecticidepropertyofDDTwasdiscoveredin1939byPaulMü[40].DuringtheSecondWorldWar,theessofDDTquicklyledtotheintroductionofotherchlorinatedhydrocarbonswhichwereusedinlargeamountsforthecontrolofdiseasestransmittedbymosquito[43].FromthelateMiddleAgesuntil1940,whenDDTbegantobeapplied,two-thirdsoftheworld’spopulationhadbeenexposedtomalaria,afactthatrepresentedaseverehealth,demographic,andeconomicproblem[29,40,41,44,45].,DDTbecameapowerfulwayof?ghtingmalariabyattackingthevector[43].FiveNobelPrizesassociatedwithmalariawereawarded:?,theNobelwasawardedtothealready-