making news, making the economy technological changes and financial pressures in brazil tomás undurraga资料.pdf

该【making news, making the economy technological changes and financial pressures in brazil tomás undurraga资料 】是由【四婆子】上传分享，文档一共【20】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【making news, making the economy technological changes and financial pressures in brazil tomás undurraga资料 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..research-–20MakingNews,Makingthe?TheAuthor(s)2016Economy:TechnologicalReprintsandpermissions::ásUndurragaUniversityCollegeLondon,?mico,,itexploreshowtheintroductionin2013ofValorPro,arealtimenewsserviceorientedtothefinancialmarket,changednewsmakingpracticesatValorEcon?:therealtimeservice,’workloadsandalteredthemanufactureofnews,butalsoincreasedfinancialpressureonthepaper’–fromproducingnewsforthepublictowardsproducingnewsforthemarket–,drawingonresourcesfromculturalsociologyandfromscienceandtechnologystudies,Iprovidearicherexplanationthatacknowledgestheimpactoftechnologicalinnovation,theshiftingnatureofnewsvalues,?mico’snewsroominS?oPaulobetween2013and2015andcontributestotheliteratureonculturalsociology,,news,Brazil,Brazilian,economy,technology,finance,financial,newsroom,mediaconvergence,business,journalism,culturalproductionCorrespondingauthor:TomásUndurraga,DepartmentofScienceandTechnologyStudies,UniversityCollegeLondon,22GordonSquare,WC1E6BT,London,:t.******@,2016:..2CulturalSociologyIntroductionMediaconvergenceandthegrowingfinancialpressureonthejournalisticfieldhavetrig-(Boczkowski,2004;HayandCouldry,2011),standardizationinnewsassembly,thegreaterroleplayedbynewsagencies(Boyer,2011,2013)andincreasingimitationbetweenmediaoutlets(Boczkowski,2010;PowersandBenson,2014)-drivenmediaorganizations(BensonandHallin,2007;Klinenberg,2005)andunprecedentedlevelsofcitizeninputinthemakingofnewsviabothsocialmedia(Usher,2014)andaudiencequantification(Anderson,2011),?mico,,itexploreshowtheintroductionin2013ofValorPro,arealtimenewsservice,changednewsmakingprac-ticesatValor,–fromproducingnewsforthepublictowardsproducingnewsforthemarket–cannotbeexplainedsolelywithreferencetopoliticaleconomicfactorssuchasideologi-caldecisionsateditoriallevelandthestructuralpropertiesofthemedia,asintheworkofFonseca(2005)andPuliti(2013).Instead,Iseektoshowthatricherexplanatoryaccountsshouldacknowledgetheimpactoftechnologicalchange,theshiftingnatureofnewsvalues,,thisarticlestudiesthenewsroomasasiteofknowledgeproductionmuchasrecentresearchstudiestheproductionofcultureinadvertisingagencies(Ariztía,2013),tradefloors(BeunzaandStark,2012)andnewsagencies(Boyer,2011).Likethesestudies,itdrawsonresourcesfromculturalsociology,consideringjournalists’routinesaswellastheirinteractionswithsourcesandeditorsasfundamentaltotheproductionofnews(Gans,1979;Magaudda,2014;Tuchman,1978).Borrowinginsightsfromscienceandtechnol-ogystudies(STS)(Latour,2005;PinchandSwedberg,2008),italsoconsidersthematerialcultureofjournalismitself–itstoolsandtechnologies,documentsandarte-facts(Riles,2006)–-describedapproach,however,-nalists’routinesaffect‘reality’(Lichtenberg,1989;Lippmann,1998[1922];Park,1940),theseempiricalstudiesfocusedanizationsaffectreport-,‘sociologicalturn’injournalismstudies(Wahl-JorgensenandHanitzsch,2009)wasinnovativeinmul-(1974,1975)stressedthatnewsistheproductofnewsanizationsratherthanthestraightforwardreflectionofany‘objec-tive’(1972,1976,1978)aniza-tionunderlietheselectionanddefinitionofnewsevents.‘Newsstoriesarenotfactual[or]objective…newsisaconstructedrealitypossessingitsowninternalvalidity’,2016:..Undurraga3(Tuchman,1976:96–97).Further,researchersshowedhownewsmakingwasinfluencedbyjournalism’sprofessionalconventionsanditsdominantculture(Fishman,1980;Schudson,1978).InthewordsofGans(1979:62),‘pliantsup-porterofelitesortheestablishmentortherulingclass;rather,itviewsnationandsocietythroughitsownsetofvaluesandwithitsownconceptionofthegoodsocialorder’.Throughthesestudies,thenewsroomasakindofblackboxwasunpacked,revealinghowculturalfactors–’practicesandconventions–helpedtomanufactureideologyandconsciousness(Tuchman,1983).Despitetheclearcontributiontoculturalsociologymadebythisclassicalwork,,asZelizer(2009:36)pointsout,theytendtosup-posethatjournalistsfunctionmerelyassociologicalbeings,reducingtheminlargemeasuretothenorms,,whilepayinginsufficientattentiontotheshiftingroleoftechnologyandjournalists’,thisbodyofresearchislargelyfocusedonUSandEuropeannewsrooms,ulturesandmediainstitutionsinperiph-eralcountries,suchastheBraziliancasehereexplored(Hanitzschetal.,2011;Herscovitz,2004).Thirdly,itmaybearguedthatthesestudiesarenowdatedorbackwardlookinginthattheyfailtoshedlightonthelatesttrendsinthejournalisticfield–-gence,standardization,mercialpressures,citizeninput,audiencequanti-,,thisethnographyofValorEcon?’snewsroominS?oPaulooverathree-yearperiod:March2013,JanuarytoMarchof2014,,Iobservedjournal-istsandeditorsinactionastheyworkedonstories,-depthinterviewswith35reporters,,givingmegreaterinsightintojournal-ists’-?mico’snewsroom,itsquickrisetoinfluence,’snewsmakingprocesses,arguingthattheyevincetwokeyfeatures:theagencyjournalistsexerciseatdifferentstagesofthenews-makingprocess,-quentsectiondescribesthechangesbroughtbytheintroductionoftherealtimenewsserviceValorProandjournalists’’sagenda,,2016:..4CulturalSociologycannotbeexplainedsolelyusingtraditionalconceptualtoolsofpoliticaleconomy;rather,itseekstoshowhowaricherexplanationcanbeproducedbyacknowledgingtheimpactoftechnologies,theshiftingnatureofnewsvalues,:StrugglingforaFullyFreePressinaPolarizedCountryTheBrazilianmediasphereinmanywaysencapsulatesthecontradictionsofthecoun-try’,themediahasbeenafundamentaldriverindemoc-ratizingBraziliansocietysincethe1980s,advancingsocialandpoliticalchange(Matos,2008,2012;Waisbord,2000).Forexample,themediacanalizedpublicpressureforthereturntodemocracybybolsteringthecampaigndirectasja!;itplayeda‘servicerole’inexplainingBrazil’sinflationcrises(Nassif,2003)andan‘investigativerole’inscrutinis-ingpoliticalcontroversiessuchasPresidentCollor’simpeachmentandtheMensal?o(2005)andPetrobras(2013),legaciesofthemili-tarydictatorship(1964–1985)-persthatweredominantatthetimesupportedthe1964militarycoup–,ofEstadodoSP,theownerofGazetaMercantil,ErbertLevyandRobertoMarinho,ofthenewspaperOGlobo(Abreu,1996)–anditwasduringthisperiodthatthegreatinformationoligopoliesarose,financed,howeverindirectly,throughthegov-,(inTV,radio,cable,press)isrepresentativeofthisphenomenon(Porto,2012).Inlightofthis,anddespitemanyadvancesincivillibertiesandsocialequalityinthelast30years,theBrazilianmediacontinuestrugglingtodevelopafullyfreepress:stateties,politicalcli-entelismandmediapartisanshiphavecontinuedtoaffectthejournalisticfield(Matos,2008).Thegovernmentstillusesbroadcastinglicensesasformofpoliticalpatronage,andtheregionalmediacontinuestobepartisan,witholigarchic‘coronels’incontrolofradioandtelevisionstations(SantosandCapparelli,2005).WhiletheselegaciesmaydenttheBrazilianmedia’swatchdogrole,helessexpandedinmainstreammediainrecentyears,underminingclassbiases,diversifyingsocialrepre-sentationandgivingmorebalancedcoveragetopoliticalcampaigns(Matos,2008;Porto,2012).TheBrazilianpress,despiteitscontradictoryfeatures,thusmanagestoactasanhelessinfluentialeliteforumforpublicdebate(Herscovitz,2004).IftheBrazilianmediaspherestillreflectsinsomemeasurethepoliticallegaciesofthedictatorship,-(WorkersParty)cele-bratesthebestsocialindicatorsinthecountry’shistory(withrespecttopovertyalleviation,reductionofinequalityandemployment),thefinancialmarkets(andtheopposition)pointtothecountry’:neoliberalismandneo-developmentalism(Almeida,2011;Singer,2015).Whereasadvocatesoftheformerdefendtheprivatizationofstatefirms,,2016:..Undurraga5liberalizationandthemacroeconomicstabilityengineeredbyFernandoHenriqueCardoso’s(PSDB–BrazilianSocialDemocraticParty)governments(1994–2002)(Bacha,2012;GiambiagiandSchwartsman,2014),championsofthelatterdefendthePTpoliciesofLuladaSilvaandDilmaRousseff’sgovernments(2003–2016),inwhichthestatehasactivelypromoteddomesticmarkets,raisedtheminimumwageandimplementedsocialpro-grammesthathelpedpull40millionBraziliansoutofpovertybetween2003and2012(Lavinas,2014;Singer,2012).Controversiesregard