精子最佳受孕时间可考虑复发性流产免.ppt

Vitamins in Ruminants
pounds required in trace amounts for biological processes
Vital amine
Fat soluble
A, D, E, and K
Absorbed with lipids
Water soluble
C, B family
Vitamins
Vitamins
Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E and K
Water soluble
Thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine,
pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid,
vitamin B12, vitamin C, choline
Water soluble vitamins and vitamin K synthesized in the rumen or in body tissues
Dietary requirements: Vitamins A, D, and E
Vitamin Nutrition of Ruminants
Important
Some vitamins must be supplemented in the diet
Several aspects of vitamin nutrition unique to
ruminants
3. Likely will be more important:
As productivity of ruminants is increased
With increased confinement of animals
References
Chapter 7 Dairy NRC 2001
Chapter 6 Beef NRC 1996
Vitamin Requirements of Ruminants
Ruminants require the same vitamins
as monogastric animals at cell level
Prior to rumen development young ruminants
require dietary sources of vitamins
Colostrum and milk
Concentration of vitamins in colostrum is greater
than in milk
Calves need to be fed vitamins if they are being fed
milk replacers with nonmilk protein
Vitamin Requirements of Ruminants
Mature ruminants have dietary requirement for:
Vitamins A, D, and E
Vitamin D in feed or from UV exposure
B vitamins usually not supplemented in ruminant diets
High producing dairy cows sometimes benefit
from supplementation with B vitamins
Mixtures of biotin, niacin, riboflaven, panothenic
acid, thiamin, and B12
Inadequate Dietary Vitamin Intakes
Low concentrations in feeds
Harvesting and agronomic effects
Processing and storage effects
Humidity, heat, light, pH, minerals, pelleting
Reduced feed intake
Bioavailability
B-vitamins affected more than fat soluble
Level of production
Increased grain intake, increased feed intake,
increased rate of passage, reduced rumen function
Rearing in confinement out of sunlight
Stress and disease
Decreased feed intake, increased requiremen