霍夫斯泰德文化维度.doc

霍夫斯泰德文化维度
一、权力距离(power distance)
权力距离即在一个组织当中,权力的集中程度和领导的独裁程度,以及一个社会在多大的程度上可以接受组织当中这种权力分配的不平等,在企业当中可以理解为员工和管理者之间的社会距离。一种文化究竟是大的权力距离还是小的权力距离,必然会从该社会内权力大小不等的成员的价值观中反映出来。因此研究社会成员的价值观,就可以判定一个社会对权力差距的接受程度。
This dimension expresses the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. The fundamental issue here is how a society handles inequalities among people. People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and which needs no further justification. In societies with low power distance, people strive to equalise the distribution of power and demand justification for inequalities of power
二、不确定性避免(uncertainty avoidance index)
在任何一个社会中,人们对于不确定的、含糊的、前途未卜的情境,都会感到面对的是一种威胁,从而总是试图加以防止。防止的方法很多,例如提供更大的职业稳定性,订立更多的正规条令,不允许出现越轨的思想和行为,追求绝对真实的东西,努力获得专门的知识等等。不同民族、国家或地区,防止不确定性的迫切程度是不一样的。相对而言,在不确定性避免程度低的社会当中,人们普遍有一种安全感,倾向于放松的生活态度和鼓励冒险的倾向。而在不确定性避免程度高的社会当中,人们则普遍有一种高度的紧迫感和进取心,因而易形成一种努力工作的内心冲动。
The uncertainty avoidance dimension expresses the degree to which the members of a society feel fortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. The fundamental issue here is how a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? Countries exhibiting strong UAI maintain rigid codes of belief and behaviour and