英语法知识点.doc

英语法知识点.doc1， Structural view of language sees languages as a linguistic system
made up of various subsystems (Larsen-Freeman&Long):
Phonology, morphology, syntax.
语言的结构观把语言看作是由各种子系统组成的语言系统（弗
里曼 &朗）：音位学、形态学、句法。
2， Functional view: communicative needs of the learner (Johnson and Marrow ), the functional view not only sees languages as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, and apologizing.
功能观：学****者的交际需求 （约翰逊和马罗），功能观不仅把语
言看作一种语言系统，而且把语言看作一种做事的手段。我们
日常使用的大部分语言都涉及功能性活动： 提供、建议和道歉。
3， Interactional view: the interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.
互动观：互动观认为语言是一种交际工具，其主要作用是建立
和维护人与人之间的社会关系。
4， Behaviourist theory: the way human acquires language ( Harmer). Based on their experiments, Watson and Raynor formulated a stimulus-response theory of psychology. The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do
anything(within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which
has three major stages, stimulus, response, and
reinforcement ” (Harmer)
行为主义理论：人类获取语言的方式（哈默）。基于他们的实验，
华生和雷诺制定了心理学的刺激反应理论。条件作用理论的关
键是，“如果你遵循一个有三个主要阶段： 刺激、反应和强化的
特定程序，你可以训练一只动物做任