创新资源【外文翻译】.doc

本科毕业论文外文翻译
外文题目: THE SOURCES OF INNOVATION
出处: University of California
作者: Eric von Hippel
1 overview
It has long been assumed that product innovations are typically developed by product manufacturers. Because this assumption deals with the basic matter of who the innovator is, it has inevitably had a major impact on innovation-related research, on firms' management of research and development, and on government innovation policy .However, it now appears that this basic assumption is often wrong.
In this book I begin by presenting a series of studies showing that the sources of innovation vary some fields, innovation users develop most innovations. In others, suppliers of innovation-ponents and materials are the typical sources of still other fields, conventional wisdom holds and product manufacturers are indeed the typical innovators. Next, I explore why this variation in the functional sources of innovation occurs and how it might be , I propose and test some implications of replacing a manufacturer-as-innovator assumption with a view of the innovation process as predictably distributed across users, manufacturers,suppliers, and others.
2 variations in the Functional Source of Innovation
We have seen that users sometimes innovate. But do they always? Or does the functional source of innovation vary in some manner between users, manufacturers, suppliers, and others? To be able to answer these questions, we must have data on the sources of innovation characteristic of at least a few more types of innovation. Therefore, my students and I undertook the six brief studies I will describe in this of the six studies examines a different type of innovation. The first four I will review consider innovation categories chosen to match my own areas of technical knowledge and those of the graduate students participating in our project. The choice of topics for the last two studies I will review was made on a di