专业四级考试语法.ppt

专业四级考试语法
集体名词作主语主谓一致
1)通常作复数的集体名词
集体名词,如:police, people, cattle, militia, poultry等,通常作复数,用复数动词。如:
Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.
2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词
有些集体名词,如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise,通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。例如:All the machinery in the factory is made in China.
3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
集体名词,如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等,既可作单数,也可作复数用。
The city council is meeting to set its agenda.
4) mittee, etc. of +复数名词
如果主语是由“mittee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成,随后的动词通常用单数。例如:
mittee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.
used to的意义和用法
used to (只有过去时形式,没有现在时形式)表示过去****惯动作或状态,这种情况现已不复存在。例如:
He used to smoke a lot, but he has long given up smoking.
在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中,用didn’t use to或usedn’t to均可:
He didn’t use to smoke cigarettes.
He usedn’t to smoke cigarettes. 
Didn’t Maria use to be interested in the theatre?
Usedn’t Maria to be interested in the theatre? 
在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式:
Used you to go to the same school as Edward?
Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?
dare的意义和用法
作为情态动词表示“胆敢”,dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。例如:
I dare not go there.
How dare he say such rude things about me?
dare作为情态助动词没有过去式形式,其否定式为daren’t,既可指现在时间,也可指过去时间。例如:
Tom wanted e, but he daren’t.
dare还可用主动词,随后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。例如:
He does not dare (to) answer.
Does she dare (to) go there alone?
定语从句中关系代词that的用法
1)在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。
They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited.
2)在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如
He is the best student that I have ever met.
3)在以“It is...”,“It was...”等开头的强调句中,和相应的疑问句中。如:
What is it that he wants?
4)在only, all, little的后面
This is all that I know.
5)在no, every, some和any等词后面,也包括在它们的复合词在内。如:
There is no person that is always in the right.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
be+不定式结构
表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
There’s to be an investigation.
I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.
这一结构常见于报纸和广播,用以宣布官方的计划或决定。
The Queen is to visit Japan next year.
二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。
You