gmat语法机经 2013.doc

So that, such考的比较多;常见的such that没考,考了so as to do 记得有一个考either or的。。。
1、同位语:
【PREP知识点】同位语由unrestricted adjectival phrase而来,同位语的修饰对象:名词或名词短语或代词
1)、同位结构的特征
起修饰语的作用,一般用于修饰名词或名词短语;“解释的是整个名词,不是名短中某个词”,故同位语不是核心词修饰。
必须对其修饰对象具有解释力;
位置:名词前或名词后,一般在修饰对象的后面;
不影响主谓一致(谓语应该和主语保持一致,而不是和同位语);
同位结构中名词的数可以和其修饰对象的数不一致。
2)、同位结构的形式
名词性同位语:名词解释名词。(以下三种,)
N., n.;
n., a/an + + n., n.;
the + n., n.(前面的the + n 为同位结构)
内容具体化同位结构:抽象名词(theory/evidence/belief/principle)+that 从句,that 从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释(注意与of 结构的区别),that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词,连词,和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)
概括性同位语:用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象:短语/句子,n. +that/doing/done...
名词重复性同位结构:n,n(重复所修饰的名词)+that 定语从句
代词代替性同位结构:n,one/ones+that 定语从句
3)、同位语从句
A. 有很多名词后可以跟that引起的从句,说明其内容,可以称作同位语从句。
He referred to Copernicus’s statement that the earth moves round the sun.
。(其实是同位语从句太长后置)
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.
(代词)引起的从句作同位语。
He had no idea why she left.
4)、关于同位语用法中的the和逗号(如B选项中的TM, the jazz pianist poser) --摘自Manhattan:
<I> if you preface someone's name with a noun describing their occupation (or other word describing what that person does), WITHOUT AN ARTICLE, OR WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE "THE", you DO NOT use ma. 如果把职位、称号放在人名前面,如果没有冠词,或者有定冠词,就不用逗号(本题的情况)。
example:
Jazz pianist poser Thelonious Monk ... --> correct
注意:
if you are using "THE (description) (name)" to introduce someone for the first time, then you DON'T use :当职位、称号前是定冠词时,如果是第一次提到某人,是不必用逗号的
example:
The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.
--> here we are introducing hemingway, so we don't use ma.
if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using "THE (description) to single out one of them, then you DO use ma.
example:
Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on to e an icon of American literature.
--> we've already introduced "the author"; this time we use ma to single him