th century A中外医学史.ppt.ppt

Medicine in 19th Century
Part 1
1. Age of Revolution
2. Age of Science
3. Changes in Medicine
4. Major Medical Inventions
5. Establishment of Experimental Medicine
6. Use of Anaesthesia
7. Changes in Hospital
8. The Rising of Modern Nursing
Age of Revolution
革命的年代
FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789)
WWI (1914) AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTION(1917)
Leads wars to keep old monarchy of throne
Conquered areas of Europe in the name of France
Encourages advances in science to make France more powerful
NAPOLEONIC WARS (1799 – 1815)
Age of Revolution
革命的年代
Panorama of Europe in August 1849
Revolution again swept the Continent in 1848
Age of Revolution
革命的年代
Advocated women's rights
Public agitation against slavery
Age of Revolution
革命的年代
Industrial Revolution / 工业革命
工业革命发生在18世纪到19世纪,农业、制造业、采矿、运输和技术上的重大改变,对社会经济和社会文化产生了深远影响,这一现象最初发生于英国,随后扩展到整个欧洲、北美,甚至全世界。
工业革命是人类历史上的重大转折点, 几乎人类生活的方方面面都或多或少,以不同的形式发生了改变。
◆Pay workers little
◆No insurance
◆Hire women & kids
◆“Assembly Line”
Industrial Revolution / 工业革命
Age of Science / 科学上硕果累累的年代
1. The law of conservation of energy能量守恒原理
在一个封闭系统中,各种能量可以相互转换,但总能量保持恒定,不随时间变化。
能量可由一种形式转化为其他形式的能量,其总量不变。
能量可以从一个物体传递给另一个物体,而且能量的形式也可以互相转换,但能量永远不会消失。
2. Evolution
Darwin:
一两个观察和一个小推论为我们展示了进化的动力。
Observation 1: 幸存到成年的动物能够留下更多后代.
Observation 2: 后代并不是同一的. 他们的外表、大小和其他特征各不相同.
Inference: 能够更好适应环境的动物更有可能幸存下来并留下后代,他们会把自己的特征传递给后代。
显微镜的发展对生物学思想产生了重大影响。在19世纪早期,一些生物学家提到了细胞的重要地位。
In 1838 and 1839, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the ideas that (1) the basic unit anisms is the cell and (2) that individual cells have all the characteristics of life, though they opposed the idea that (3) all e from the division of other cells.
1838,Schleiden: different parts of the anism posed of cells.
1839,Schwann: All living things posed of cells.
Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, by the 1860s most biologists accepted all three s of what came to be known as CELL THEORY.
Meaning:The Unity in Biological World.
3. Cell Theory / 细胞理论