Cognitive neuroscience response inhibition ADHD Aron and Poldrack 2005 Biol Psych.pdf

The Cognitive Neuroscience of Response Inhibition:
Relevance for ic Research in Attention-Deficit/
Hyperactivity Disorder
Adam R. Aron and Russell A. Poldrack
Psychological functions that are behaviorally and neurally well specified may serve as endophenotypes for attention-deficit/
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) research. Such endophenotypes, which lie between genes and symptoms, may relate more directly to
relevant ic variability than does the clinical ADHD syndrome itself. Here we review evidence in favor of response inhibition as
an endophenotype for ADHD research. We show that response inhibition–operationalized by Go/NoGo or Stop-signal tasks–requires
the prefrontal cortex (PFC), in particular the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC); that patients with ADHD have significant response
inhibition deficits and show altered functional activation and gray matter volumes in right IFC; and that a number of studies indicate
that response inhibition performance is heritable. Additionally, we review evidence concerning the role of the basal ganglia in response
inhibition, as well as the role of neuromodulatory systems. All things considered, bined right IFC structure/function/response
inhibition phenotype is a particularly good candidate for future heritability and association studies. Moreover, a dissection of response
inhibition into more ponents such as rule maintenanc