第一章宏观经济学-导论.ppt

宏观经济学-导论
一、宏观经济学与微观经济学
1、微观与宏观的界定
微观经济学是研究个别厂商与家庭在市场上如何扮演产品供给者、消费者和要素供给者等行为,这些供需行为如何决定个别物品、劳务的价格、数量;以及这些市场的机能与政府如何影响资源的配置。分析的目的是要了解资源的配置是否满足人们的要求。由于分析的焦点是“相对价格”的决定与影响,因此又称为价格理论。
宏观经济学的主题是整个经济社会的综合行为,所讨论的是一些总量与平均量变数的决定与变动。在这些总量与平均量变量中,最主要的有均工资、物价水平、物价上涨率、外汇收支与经济增长率等。这些课题都以国民所得为轴心,故宏观经济学又被称为“所得理论”。
2、宏观经济理论的微观基础
微观经济学以最优化行为为假设(效用最大化、利润最大化)
宏观经济学则依赖学者对经济社会的观察,直接设定行为模式,如KNS主义中,认定所得增加诱使消费增加,但消费增加量低于所得增加量,这些被称为“基本心理法则”的行为模式,不同于微观经济学中的最优化假定。
近年来,宏观经济学的发展方向之一是运用微观经济理论的立论基础,以“代表性经济决策单位”追求利润最大、效用最大或成本最小等原则,推导出储蓄、货币需求等宏观经济理论,文献中称之为“宏观经济理论的微观基础”。如理性预期学派等。
3、微观经济学与宏观经济学是相辅相成的
Jim Wells used to own a manufacturing business that made high ponents puter games.
Every July, Jim had to decide how ponents to produce for the ing holiday season, and every year, he had simply doubled his production.
Since he never had any trouble moving the inventory, Jim decided to do the same thing again -- even though it meant taking out a big short term loan to finance the expansion.
Jim Wells’ Decision
What Jim Wells Ignored
Unfortunately, Jim’s college studies never included a course in macroeconomics so he missed some rather significant danger signs.
FEDERAL RESERVE
Individuals
Give Dollars to Fed
Sell Bonds to Public
Individuals have less money to spend
Possible
Recession
Some Danger Signs
More Warning Signs
Consumer Less
Confidence =Spending
Recessionary Implications
+
Unemployment = Less Spending
More Warning Signs
Expansionary ary Policy
Japanese Imports Into US e Less Expensive
Value of Yen Relative to Dollar
Decrease in Demand For Jim’ponents
Disaster Strikes
By Thanksgiving, Jim found himself sitting on a huge inventory that he couldn’t give away, and by December he was unable to pay a huge loan that wouldn’t go away.
By June, he was bankrupt.
Jim Meets Teresa
Today, Jim works as a consultant顾问 for one of his old petitors during the day and studies macroeconomics at night in an executive MBA program.
He sits in the front row of class right nex