对外汉语-了的位置及用法.doc

了 for cｏmｐｌeｔeｄ aｃｔiｏns
 
Exercisｅｓ
          
Otheｒ terｍinologｙ:　ａspeｃｔuaｌ partiｃlｅ　"了＂
 
1. Wｈeｎ shouｌd Ｉ use it?
 
Ｗheｎ　you ｗａnｔ to expｒess tｈａt　an aｃtｉｏｎ ｉs　cｏmpleｔｅd.　Ｎormａｌly 了 shｏuｌd bｅ placed after mａｉn verbs or at thｅ ｅnｄ of sｅntenceｓ.
ｔā
他
ＨＥ  
măi  ｌe  
买  了  
ＢUＹ ＬE
ｓān     zｈāng   pｉào
三      张       票
ＴHREE 　ZHＡＮG　 TICKＥTS
Ｈe ｈaｓ　bｏugｈｔ ３ tickeｔｓ．
tā
bă jiŭ       ná  láｉ               　ｌe 
她
ＳＨE 
把 酒      拿 来               了  
ＢＡ  ＷＩＮE   TＡKＥ (TOＷARＤS） LE
Ｓhe ｈａs brought the wiｎe.                  
 
2.　Ｗhen　sｈｏuｌｄ Ｉ　plaｃe ｔhｅ 了 ａｔ　tｈe eｎｄ of　a sｅnｔｅｎｃe,　aｎd whｅｎ　ｓｈｏｕld I　ｐlａｃe it ａｆter　ｔhe mａｉｎ　vｅｒb of a　seｎteｎｃe?
 
１.  Ｉf ｔhe obｊeｃt ｏf a senteｎce　is a　simｐｌe onｅ　i．e．　a noｕn, ｗhｉch　is not ａtｔａcheｄ ｔｏ a nuｍbeｒ
ａnd mｅaｓure word,　and not ａtｔached tｏ ａ descripｔｉve　clause　(的 cｌａuｓｅ), 了 caｎ　bｅ pｌaced aｔ　tｈe ｅｎd ｏｆ　thｅ seｎtence． In　tｈｉs case the pａrtｉcｌe 了 ｈａｓ mａｎy　fuｎｃｔｉｏnｓ:　it　may inｄicate　ｔhe coｍｐleted　actｉｏｎ, or a　chａｎge ｏf ｓiｔuatｉon,　ｉt　mａｙ　also　indｉｃate　ａn immｉnenｔ　aｃtion.
s.         　   v.     o. 　ｌe
ｗŏmｅn　ｃｈī 　fàｎ     lｅ
我 们   吃  饭     了．
WE         EＡT  MEAL LE
Ｗｅ havｅ ｅａｔen．． [Ｃomplｅtｅd acｔｉｏn]
Now we　ａre　ｅａtｉnｇ. （Ｗｅ　ｄidｎ＇ｔ eat beforｅ．) [Ｃｈaｎgｅ of ｓiｔuａtｉon]
Ｗe are　ａbout tｏ　eａt. (我 们 要 吃 饭 了.)
 
3.　Is ｉｔ incorrect if I ｐｌacｅ 了 aｆter thｅ　ｖerｂ ｉn　ａ sｉmplｅ-object sｅｎtence?
 
No,　it is　not　ｉncoｒrect, buｔ ｉt ｓeems as ｉf　ｔhｅ ｓｅｎtｅnce ｉｓ ｎｏｔ yｅt　ｆiｎisｈｅｄ．　It mａｙ ｌooｋ lｉke ｔhｅ　ｆirsｔ ｃlａuse　of tｈe vｅｒb了..．就．..ｃｏnstruｃtioｎ． Foｒ ｅxaｍｐle （Ａlsｏ　ｓee ｐatｔerｎ ５．）,
ｔā   ｃhī 　le   fàn...     　（ｊiù qù kàｎ dｉànyĭng）
他 吃  了 饭 ..．      (就 去 看  电  影．)
HＥ  EAＴ 　LＥ  MEAL..．     (JIU GＯ 　ＳＥE  　FＩＬM)
Ａfｔer he ｆinisheｓ the mｅal．．.(hｅ＇ｌｌ go ｔｏ　ｓee a fiｌｍ.)
 
4.　Can Ｉ ｐｌace 了 at ｔｈe enｄ ｏｆ　ａ sｅｎtence ｔｈaｔ　hａs a comｐｌex objｅｃt? 
Ｎo.　Ｉf tｈe oｂｊecｔ　of　a sｅntencｅ　iｓ　a　cｏｍｐｌiｃated oｎe,　i．e. it iｓ　preceded by a nｕｍｂer wｏｒｄ aｎd　ｍeaｓｕre woｒd, ｏr a ｄｅｓｃｒｉptiｖｅ　ｃｌauｓｅ, 了 is　ｐｌaced　aｆter ｔｈe mａｉn vｅｒb　of tｈｅ ｓentenｃe.
s． 　v． 　lｅ  　 ｎum.