语言学 超音段特征ppt课件.ppt

welcome to our class
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Suprasegmentals
Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.
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语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序, 它们的组合呈线形的, 称线性组合。
据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位, 各占一定的时间段落, 所以也称音段。
语流中最小的音段是音位, 因此音位也称音段音位( segmental phonemes ), 即元音(vowels)和辅音(consonants)。
但是在实际语流中, 语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合。当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时, 往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分。这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合, 因而具有超音段的性质。因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征。
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For example
instinct [‵instiŋkt](本能)
television [‘teli,viʒən] （电视）
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The Syllable Structure
monosyllable: with one syllable, like cat and dog
Polysyllable: with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival
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A syllable must have a nucleus or peak
Usually, a vowel plays the part of a nucleus
Sometimes, a consonant plays the part of a nucleus
Table ['teibl]
/tei/ /bl/
[m,n] bottom ['bɔtm]
cotton ['kɔtn]
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Syllable (cracked)
O(nset)
R(hyme)
N(ucleus)
Co(da)
k
r
æ
k
t
Syllable structure
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A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable

A syllable with coda is a closed syllable
Open syllable and closed syllable
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In English, the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled by as many as four consonants.
aim [eim] spread [spred]
sixths[siksθs]
English (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C)
Chinese (C)v(C)
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Maximal onset principle
When there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
National ['næʃənəl]
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