Lecture7-英语主语与汉语主题.ppt

Lecture7-英语主语与汉语主题
2. 汉语中也可以使用无灵主语。
A soft wind kissed the treetops.
清风拂过树梢。
The calm water invited us to properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.
如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
    If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings. (主语sentences数的标记)
人有失错，马有漏蹄。
   As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.
在汉语中，动词也可以直接充当主语，翻译时，我们如果要以该动词主语来充当英语译文的主语时，必须要使用这个动词的动名词形式或者不定式形式。
帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。
Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the lower class rejoin mainstream of society is in the interests of all.
2. 增补主语
汉语句中常见无主句或主语隐含不显的情况，翻译时必须按照英文的语法规则增补合适的主语。增补主语的原则，一是要推敲语境，二是要考虑英语语法****惯和行文的需要。
增加泛指的主语“we, you, one”等。
没有良好的****惯，就不能在英语上取得很大的进步。
　Without good habit , you can’t make a great progress in English.
凡事应该适度，适度是最安全的。
One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.
（第二句将原文形容词主语确定为译文主语，鉴于英语的语法规则，翻译时必须变换词形。）
2) 增加英语代词it作主语
起大风了。   
It’s blowing hard.
自从理查德·尼克松同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。
It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.
大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。
It is graduate school in a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.
3) 增加there be…
举例来说，在早先的法国洞穴绘画里，早于公元前10，000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。
For example, among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10，000 ., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.
4) 增补合乎语境的主语
到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更为有趣。
When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.     （刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
（从语篇角度看，主句中的there were 改成he saw flowing streams …衔接更好，行文更流畅。）
沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。    
Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!  （鲁迅《纪念刘和珍君》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）
看着一堆老照片，心里掠过一丝丝歉意。
Lookin