脑垂体解剖与病变.doc

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HomeAbdomenBreastCardiovascularChestHead NeckMusculoskeletalPediatricsMiscellaneousCasesTop SitesNewsl in females than in males - in females the superior border tends to be convex, whereas in males it is usually concave.
The most mon abnormalities that arise in the pituitary gland are pituitary adenoma, Rathke's cleft cyst and craniopharyngioma.


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Pituitary stalk
The next structure to identify is the pituitary stalk.
This is a vertically oriented structure which connects the pituitary gland to the brain.
It is thinner at the bottom and thicker at the top.
Embryologically, it is also derived from Rathke's cleft epithelium and therefore the pathologies, which can arise in the pituitary gland can also arise in the stalk.
There are a few unusual things to be considered in children, such as germinomas and eosinophilic granulomas.
In adults metastases and occasionally lymphoma can arise in the pituitary stalk.
Optic chiasm
Another major structure in the suprasellar cistern is the optic chiasm.
It is an extension of the brain and looks like the number 8 lying on its side.
It is glial tissue - therefore the most mon tumors to originate here are gliomas.
In the US and Europe another frequent pathology in this region is demyelinating disease - particularly multiple sclerosis.
This can also be associated with some swelling of the optic chiasm.
Hypothalamus
Further cephalad lies the base of the brain, which at this location is the hypothalamus.
Anatomically the hypothalamus forms the lateral walls and floor of the third ventricle.
The most mon pathologies to arise here are gliomas - in children hamartomas, germinomas and eosinophilic granuloma.
Carotid artery
A very important structure in this area is the internal carotid artery.
It runs a plex anatomic course as it passes through the skull base shaped like an S on lateral views.
It passes through the cavernous sinus.
The segment cranial