英语安全工程专业翻译.doc

Unit1
Safety Management Systems
1. Accident Causation Models
The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment
Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in anizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to anization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.
Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer ident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still