历年托福考试阅读真题汇总及答案.doc

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0308托福试题
阅读(55minutes)
Question1-11
Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,
isexaminedmicroscopically,
bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth
century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous
(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving
matter.
ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructures

thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,
theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithad

foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom

structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.
Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould


.
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thesebodiesareconstantly
(20)beingdepositedonallobjects.
Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedto
boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,
spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomeway
(25)-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair
..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.
1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(a)Pasteur’sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.
(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.
(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.
(d)Pasteur’sargumentnstagaithetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.
2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof
(b)developinginto
(c)resistantto
(d)hurtby
3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer?
(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?
(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?
(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?
(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?
4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(a)benefitfrom
(b)appearsimilarto
.
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(c)jointogetherwith
(d)growfrom
5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto
(a)trapparticlesforanalysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether
6,Theauthormention“”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused
(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected
“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed
(b)doubted
(c)persuaded
(d)suggested

(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms
(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials(c)fairlyrare
(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether
“it”inline22refersto
(a)anutrientsolution
(b)aglassflask
(c)boiling
(d)spontaneousgeneration
,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?
(a)Asealedcontainer
(b)Freshair
.
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(c)Heat
(d)Thepresenceofnutrients
-neckedflaskto
(a)storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair
Questions12-20
IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer
associety’,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,which
endedin1865,wastheageof
(5),representedmosteloquentlyby
ThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagood
society,theirpoliticalvirtue,
virtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenets
ofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagriculture
,governmentat
alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomic
enterprise.
Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,
,
governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagricultural
.
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products.
Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophers
hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,
morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprang
,triednewcropsand
pureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.

streamedtotheWest,
,industrialization,
andindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecause
ofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.
?(a)TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson
(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture
(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques
(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer
“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved
(b)relied
(c)demanded
(d)explained

.
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exampleof
(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution
(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques
(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety
(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment
“subscribedto”incloslinest8inismeaningto
(a)contributedto
(b)agreedwith
(c)thoughtabout
(d)expandedon

informationinparagraph1?
(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson’viewsof
agricultureandfarmers.
(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.
(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.
(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation’seconomy.
,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT
(a)buildroads
(b)importnewplantvarieties
(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops
(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts
’meetingtheexpectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers
(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth
(c)plantingnewcrops
(d)becomingmorescientific
“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto
(a)predictable
(b)impressive
.
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(c)famous
(d)gradual
?
(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsoftheeconomy.
(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.
(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.
(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.
Question21-29
ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternof
,therealm’ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioning
into“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches
(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops
(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(higherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthe
.
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’soilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktoward
,particularly
intheGreatPlains,arequitefertile,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothat

1970’s,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinally
providedarealopportunity
toexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentral
Lowlandintothedrierportions

UnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwater
andfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthe
middleMississippiValley.
NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,butthe
enormoushumanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironmentinmoderntimeshas
,
thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenatural
vegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthe

,needle-leafforestsdominate,but
theseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossesthe
,-grassprairiesor
.
.
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21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
Thewidevarietyofclimates
Soiltypesandvegetationpatterns
Improvedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagriculture
Thechangeinprecipitationpatterns
22Theword“spawn”inline1isclosestinmeaningto
distinguish
eliminate
protect
create
23Theword“partitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningto
division
modification
opening
circulating
24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwith
ahighsaltcontent
anincreaseinfarming
largeamountsofrain
glacialmeltwater
25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclosestinmeaningto
implied
increased
indicated
informed
26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectthesoilinNorthAmerica?
Itredistributedthesoiltypes
Itaddedsalttothesoil
Itmadethesoilmoreneutralincontent
Itaddedmineralstothesoil
27Thephrase“regionalizationthisscheme”inline19referstothe
movementsofglacialdeposits
.
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patternsofnaturalvegetation
humanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanenvironment
distinctionbetweenhumidAmericaandaridAmerica
28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningto
elevation
change
advantage
condition
29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?
AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresence
ofdeserts
MostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumans
Theaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigation
GlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValley
Questions30-40
Mostsourcesofilluminationgeneratelightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedif
anobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreact
---thatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonphotographicfilm,pap