历年考研英语真题汇总.pdf

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SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
(s)foreachnumbered
blankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthan

GregoryCochranis],a

popularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohavea
bacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversy
whenitwasfirstsuggested.
5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheis
,heispublishingapaper
whichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligent
thantheothers,
groupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.
Theprocessisnaturalselection.
ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabove
the10valueof100,andhavecontributed11tothe
intellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,
includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13Theyalsosuffer
moreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,
,14,havepreviouslybeen
,suchas
(an)

anddiseasesareintimately18Hisargumentisthattheunusual
historyofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionary
pressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.
1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased
2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare:.
3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against
4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]
lately
5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence
6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk
7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects
8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question
9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating
10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total
11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately
[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably
12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers
13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve
14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile
15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown
16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing
17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence
[D]instrument
18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined
19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed
20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]
continuous
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:

choosingA,B,.(40
points)
Text1
Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,
womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.
“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionand
anxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,^^accordingtoDr.
Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork'sVeteran^Administration
Hospital.
Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormones
somehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstressto
producemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesame
,whenstressed-outfemaleratshad
theirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemical
responsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.
Addingtoawoman'sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areher
increased“opportunities“forstress."It'snotnecessarilythatwomen:.
don''sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,“
."Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreater
thanmen's,"sheobserves,"it'sjustthatthey'redealingwithsomany
morethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.,,
.<4Ithinkthat
thekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofa


kindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobein
domesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,
andtheytendnottobeone--and-tearthatcomes
fromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.^^
AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwas
determinedtofinishcollege.<
waslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,
andgetaheadanddobetter.^^Later,hermarriageendedandshebecamea
singlemother."It'sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,
paytherent,paythecarpayment,
paychecktopaycheck.^^
Noteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstresses

obligations,withfewbreaks,'sexperience
demonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeit
threatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.
?
[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.
[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.
[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.
[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwith
stress.
'sresearchsuggeststhatwomen
[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.
[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.
[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.
[D]areexposedtomorestress.
,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe
[A]domesticandtemporary.
[B]irregularandviolent.
[C]durableandfrequent.
[D]trivialandrandom.
“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.^^(Line6,)
showsthat
[A]:.
[B]Alvarez'ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.
[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.
[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.
?
[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?
[B]ResponsestoStress:GenderDifference
[C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay
[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStress
Text2

togetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoa
'namesand
affiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.
Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaper
,
andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribe
tothejournal.
-andpressurefromfundingagencies,who
arequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfrom
government-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit-ismakingaccess

Co-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareport
describingthefar-,byJohn
HoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryofthe
OECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,made

has,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.
Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentin
researchdepends,inpart,
,thecorescientificpublishingmarketis
estimatedatbetween$7billionand$
AssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthat
therearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthese

16,000journals.
,some75%of

emerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport'
istheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccessto
acollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.
Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor
(orhisemployer),thereare
open-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesor:.

existthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,where
journalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,

thiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleast
forthepublicationofpapers.
,theauthordiscusses
[A]thebackgroundinfonnationofjournalediting.
[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.
[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.
[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.
?
[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.
[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.
[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.
[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.
,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat
[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.
[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.
[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.
[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.
-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperis
requiredto
[A]coverthecostofitspublication.
[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit.
[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely.
[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.
?
[A]TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.
[B]Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.
[C]Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.
[D]Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.
Text3
Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersin
theNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)
hadplayedlastseason,however,
bodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyover
theyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteam
uniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.
Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognized
reality:
abouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople-
:.
generations-
aren'tlikelytogetanytaller."Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthis
genetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecan
go,“saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightState
,theirincreaseinheightappearsto
resultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfrom
allovertheworld.
Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demands
caloriesandnutrients-notably,protein-
thestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgot
,childrenandadolescents
have,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20
years,
CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight-5'9"for
men,5'4"forwomen-hasn'treallychangedsince1960.
Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantial
,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassing
,eventhoughhumanshavebeen
uprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewith
bipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedby
oversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythe
geneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,saysanthropologist
WilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.
Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.
,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterin
Natick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstations
,unlikethoseforbasketball,

needtopredicthumanheight