exploring perceptions of meaningfulness in visual representations of bivariate relationships nataly beribisky资料.pdf

该【exploring perceptions of meaningfulness in visual representations of bivariate relationships nataly beribisky资料 】是由【赖大文档】上传分享，文档一共【19】页，该文档可以免费在线阅读，需要了解更多关于【exploring perceptions of meaningfulness in visual representations of bivariate relationships nataly beribisky资料 】的内容，可以使用淘豆网的站内搜索功能，选择自己适合的文档，以下文字是截取该文章内的部分文字，如需要获得完整电子版，请下载此文档到您的设备，方便您编辑和打印。:..ExploringperceptionsofmeaningfulnessinvisualrepresentationsofbivariaterelationshipsNatalyBeribisky,,YorkUniversity,Toronto,,interpretingthemagnitudeofaneffectsizeorestablishingboundsinequiv-,therehasbeenlittleresearchexploringthedegreeofrelationshipamongvariables(.,correlation,meandifference),,-,StatisticsKeywordsEffectsizes,Overlappinghistograms,Scatterplots,PracticalsignificanceINTRODUCTIONSubmitted16July2018Inmanyinstances,,,******@(.,correlationormeandifference),AndrewGraymanyresearchershavedefaultedtousingCohen's(1988)mendationsthatAdditionalInformationandspecifylowerboundsforinterpretingarelationshipas``small'',;,.:-,,weconductastudytoexploreindividualHowtocitethisarticleBeribiskyN,DavidsonH,:e6853/:..?ectsizesewhichisimportanttoaresearcherwithinastudy'sframeworkorasquantitativeevidenceofaphenomenon'smagnitude(Cumming,2012;Kelley&Preacher,2012).Effectsizesandconfidenceintervalsfortheeffectsizesshouldbereportedalongsidetraditionalnullhypothesissignificancetesting(NHST)resultstopresentthereaderwithalevelofpracticalsignificance(Thompson,2001;Cumming,2012).Further,mendedvaluetouseinpoweranalyses,(.,thedifferencebetweentwomeans)and/,'sd(standardizedmeandifference)and2(proportionofvarianceexplained)monlyusedeffectsizemeasuresformeandifferences,,,understandingwhatindividualsperceiveasthesmallestmeaningfuleffectinasettingthatisexplicitlycontext-,?erence-(.,differencesinpopulationmeans).Iftheresearcherhasahypothesisthatthereisarelationshipamongvariables,,whentheaimoftheresearchistodetectalackofrelationshipamongvariables(.,negligibledifferenceinmeans,lackofassociationamongvariables,etc.),therearealternativestotraditionaldifference-basedNHST,likeequivalencetesting,thatshouldbeusedtoexploretheabsenceofarelationship(.,Kruschke,2011;Rogers,Howard&Vessey,1993;Rouderetal.,2009;Wellek,2010).Intraditionaldifference-basedNHST,afailuretorejectthenullhypothesisisoftenwrongfullyinterpretedasproofofthenullhypothesis(Allan&Cribbie,2013).Sincetheepted,,thenullhypothesisforatwo-tailedequivalenceteststatesthatthemagnitudeofarelationshipisgreaterthanorequaltoaminimummeaningfulvalue(.,H0:|),whilethealternatehypothesissuggeststhatthemagnitudeoftherelationshipissmallerinmagnitudethanaminimummeaningfulvalue(.,H1:<<).Beribiskyetal.(2019),PeerJ,/19:..Defininganequivalenceinterval(.,aminimummeaningfuldifference)beforerunningastudyisanessentialstepinequivalencetesting,&Eva(2016),Rogersandcolleagues(1993),andmanyothers,statethatdefiningtheequivalenceintervalrelevanttoastudy',Kruschke(2013)outlinesthe``regionofpracticalequivalence''astheBayesianversionofanequivalenceinterval,andMorey&Rouder(2011)discussinterval-,anequivalenceintervalwhichisexcessivelylargecancausetheresearchertoincorrectlyconcludeequivalence(whentherearemeaningfuldifferencesamongthegroups),,,forsituationsthathavetodowithalackofdifferenceamonggroupmeans,guidelineshavevariedwidely,ranginganywherefroma5%difference(Barkeretal.,2002;Rusticus&Lovato,2011)toa20%difference(Rogers,Howard&Vessey,1993).Cohen'sguidelinesforwhatconstitutesa``small''relationshiparealsocitedwhenresearchersareexploringappropriateboundsforequivalencetesting(Davidson&Cribbie,2016).Additionally,Wellek(2010)-freeguidelinesbyempiricallyassessinghowlargearelationshipmustbebeforeitisdeterminedtobemeaningful,,thisinformationcanassistresearcherschallengedwiththetaskofsettinganappropriateequivalenceinterval/,suchastheminimallyclinicallyimportantdifference(MCID),Fayersetal.(2000)havearguedthatthesmallestmeaningfuldifferencesusedinsamplesizecalculationsshouldbebothclinicallyimportant(.,tothestakeholdergroupsthatthedifferenceconcerns)andclinicallyrealistic(.,notanticipatingalargersurvivalrateforadrugthanthepresentrate).Methodsforselectinganimportantorarealisticdifferenceinclude(a)reviewingthecurrentstateofresearchaboutthequestionthroughmeta-analysisorsystematicreviewor(b)gatheringopinionsfromrelevantstakeholdersthroughpanelsorfocusgroups(Cooketal.,2018).Althoughthesemethodsareideal,theymaynotalwaysbepracticalorfeasible,,Cooketal.(2018),larger-scaleresearch(Cooketal.,2014).Beribiskyetal.(2019),PeerJ,/19:..Additionally,therearethreemethodsfordetermininganimportantdifferencewhichmayserveasabasisforanMCIDinclinicalresearch(Cooketal.,2014).Thisincludestheanchormethod,thedistributionmethod,,Jaeschke,Singer&Guyatt(1989)notesthatcliniciansareoftenabletograspasenseofaclinicallymeaningfuldifferenceovertime,(Cooketal.,2018).monlyrelyupon(a)thestandarderrorofthemeasurement,(b)thesmallestdifferencedetectablebyastatisticaltestoreven(c)a``ruleofthumb''whichfocusesonaparticularstatisticalmeasure(Cooketal.,2014).gaintooptimizethecostofaunitofahealtheffectwiththeamountthatadecisionmakerwishestopay,,intheabsenceofanyvaluableinformation,istouseastandardizedcontext-freeeffectsizebyrelyingonguidelinesfrompreviousresearch(Weber&Popova,2012).Forinstance,Rogers,Howard&Vessey(1993)provideanexampleofa20%differenceasthesmallestmeaningfuldiscrepancybetweentwomeans,whileCohen(1988)proposedalower-boundforastandardizedsmalleffectsizeofdD0:2orrD:,likeCohen,Rogers,Howard&Vessey(1993)statedthatthesmallestmeaningfulassociationwillnecessarilyvarybasedontheresearchissueinquestion,,inthecontextofexploratoryresearch,thatarangeofpossibleminimummeaningfuldifferencescouldbeincorporated(Cribbie&Arpin-Cribbie,2009;Weber&Popova,2012).Forinstance,inclinicalsettings,Cribbie&Arpin-Cribbie(2009)havearguedthatthemeanequivalenceofgroupsmaybecapturedbyvaryinglevelsof``closeness''.Similarly,withinthecontextofeffectsizeresearch,Weber&Popova(2012),('sdandPearson'sr,,&Eva(2016)investigatedindividuals':undergraduateGPA,astudentexperiencesurvey,astructuredclinicalexam,.(2019),PeerJ,/19:..seriesofbargraphsdisplayingawiderangeofstandardizedmeandifferences(Cohen').Thestudysetanequivalencethresholdatthepointwhere50%oftheparticipantsdeemedthesitestobenon-,RusticusandEvaestablisheddD:&Eva(20