论文写作中需要注意的关键问题.ppt

运用学术文献(Quotation)
一、直接引用、解释性说明、
概括性说明
二、标注方式
运用学术文献(Quotation)
When we write an academic paper, we almost always need to borrow ideas, statistics, and previous research findings to strengthen our own ideas, to explain our own arguments, and support our own evidence. If a research paper is written without using any outside ideas or information, that paper might be considered as deficient in academic value.
Ways of Using Outside Sources
Generally speaking, there are three legal ways of using
outside sources and information:

Direct quotation (直接引用)
Paraphrasing (解释性说明)
Summarizing (概括性说明)
As a matter of fact, academic research requires bined use of these three methods.
Direct quotation (直接引用)
A direct quote is when you use another person’s words directly in your paper. Knowing when to use a direct quote is important. Do not quote everything you want to say. Most things should be paraphrased.
Guidelines for direct quotations (DQs)
1. Using DQs under the following circumstances:
--When the original wording expresses the idea so precisely and briefly that we cannot improve on it,
--When the direct es from an authority in a particular field and therefore strengthens our point of view,
Guidelines for direct quotations (DQs)
--When we need to borrow a special term of expression that is a particular writer’s invention and carries special meaning,
--When we need the original wording for the purpose of further discussion.
Guidelines for direct quotations (DQs)
2. Rules when using DQs
--Keep the Q. as brief as possible,
--Be accurate, what appears between quotation marks should be exactly the same as the original. No word, punctuation, or even spelling should be changed,
--Always indicate the source of the Q.
2. Rules when using DQs
--When the DQ. is less than tree lines (about 40 words), incorporate it in the flow of the paragraph with a pair of quotation marks, .
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