英语种重要修辞手法.doc18种重要修辞手法
语义修辞
1明喻(simile) 俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。例如: a figure of speech in which denotes a simmilarility between things of different kinds.
The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.
He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
认真观察以上各例,我们会发现它们的特点,由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging word),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显,所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。
2暗喻(metaphor) 也称隐喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如: a figure of speech in which refers to sth that denotes literally in order to suggest a similarity.
friend has e a thorn in his side.(他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。)
are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。)
is a good breakfast, but it’s a bad supper.
由以上各例可知,暗喻没有引导词,这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说,有为明喻,没有为暗喻。如:He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然,前句是暗喻,后句是明喻。暗喻时,比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄,猛一看它们毫无关系,实际却有着某种内在联系。
谈到暗喻,有必要说说它的两种变体(variety):博喻(sustained metaphor)和延喻(extended metaphor),它们是英语比喻中的特殊类型。
(1)博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体的方法就叫做博喻。比如:
There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverberation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电,她像蛇一样蜿蜒,如魔鬼般嘶叫,像翠玉般碧绿,轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻就用了三个喻体,spring of a serpent(动态),shout of a fiend(声音),green as an emerald(颜色),它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪电呈现在读者面前。由此可见,多喻体的使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。
(2)延喻据Longman Modern English Dictionary解释,延喻即make an initiparison and then develop it, expanding the author’s idea(作出初次比较再扩展,以延伸作者的意图)。请看下例:
A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. (摄影师像鳕鱼,产卵百万为的是长成一条。) 摄影师通常拍片成堆,难觅一成功之作,似鳕鱼产卵无数,长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod,再进一步用cod的****性比喻之,生动地道出了摄影师的艰辛。这里which后的从句就显示了延喻的功能。
与一般比喻相比延喻的使用更复杂。一般比喻只需抓住主、喻体之间的相似之处,延喻不仅要注意比喻本身,还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说,延伸部分应当是喻体
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