词义的选择及其理据.ppt

第二周词义的选择及其理据:  概念的内涵与外延
Part I:Choices of Semantic Items of Words in Translation and Their Motivations:
Denotation & Connotation
国际商务英语学院国贸1-2班英语笔译课讲义
Meaning Types of Words
Denotative meaning:
a) conceptual or logical meaning of a word;
b) being the name or sign or symbol of sth.;
c) the definition of a word which refers to a thing or object or an abstract idea; .
tree: large-lonf lasting type of plant, having a thick central wooden stem from which wooden branches grow, usually bearing leaves
book: number of printed or written sheets of paper bound together in a cover
duty: moral or legal obligation; task or action that sb. must perform
corruption: dishonest behavor, esp through accepting bribes
happy: feeling or expressing pleasure, contentment or satisfaction, etc. …
Father: the male parent of a child
Mother: the female parent of child
犊:小牛也
Indian meal ——?
玉米粥
Indian summer ——?
小阳春
American beauty ——?
月月红
German wool ——?
细毛线
dry law
禁酒令
fly-boat
快艇
sweet water
淡水,泉水
vital capacity
肺活量
in labour
在分娩
butcher paper
一种厚而不透水的纸
词组
指称意义
或
所指意义
Note: every word may be categorized in a hierarchical way and belong to a category in terms of their denotative meaning.
妻子、爱人、夫人、太太、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆
马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋
human being, man, people, person, human, fellow, individual, soul
dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier
搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、扛、背、搂、端、举、夹、捧(carry)
Walk(走),saunter (闲逛,漫步), amble (缓行), track (追踪,走), wend (行, 走), stride (大步行走), trudge (跋涉), shamble (蹒跚地走,摇摇晃晃地走), prance (昂首阔步), scamper (奔跳), tiptoe (用脚尖走)
“范畴”则指表示同类事物的分类与概括性的词语,反映事物的外延,是众多外延上具有同类特征分子的集合。而反映同类事物之间的本质区别性语义特征则是其内涵区别。如“桃树”与“梨树”中的“树”表示二者均具有“树”的属性或特征:一种高大、生长年龄长、并且长有主干和枝、叶,能开花结果的植物;而“桃(树)”与“梨(树)”则反映其本质的区别性特征,主要体现在叶、花与果的差异性,同时,二者又属于“树”的基本范畴。
例1) 老局长在市里召开的会议上睡着了。
The words that share the denotative meaning of “ being in a state of sleep or being alseep” may include
sleep:
nap: (short sleep, especially during the day)
doze:(short light sleep)
nod: (let one’s head fall