Language Learning Language Socialization：语言学习语言社会化.ppt

In what ways are the relationship between language and gender cross-culturally similar or different to the relationship between language and race? Previously: ? Social roles and language use : --class, caste, gender, race, etc. ? Language and social meanings: --reflects social and cultural norms ? Linguistic markers: --sounds, grammar, petence Knowledge of rules of language and language use. petence entails ability to speak a particular language and knowledge of cultural and social norms of appropriate language use in given interactional contexts. Today ’ s Basic Questions ? 1. How is petence acquired? ? 2. How are children socialised into appropriate linguistic behaviour? ? 3. How linguistic practices are made to seem natural? Linguistic Ability ? Symbolic representation ? Awareness of symbolism of sounds ? Relational situations : people, objects, and/or activities ? Discovery and creativity ? Universality of process (acquisition of language) Acquisition of language: Steps ? 1. Learning to differentiate and produce sounds ? 2. The beginning of grammatical construction ? 3. Morphological development: ? 4. Growth in vocabulary ? 5. Syntactic development Syntactic development ? Expansion of grammar: new propositions ? Example: negation ? Simple:N + Sentence or Sent + N = No sit there. ? More sophisticated: He not little, he big. ? Complex incorporation: I didn ’ t did it Child-Rearing Practices and Language Instruction: Three Cases ? Ochs (1988) and Schieffelin (1990) ? White-middle- class (USA ): infants encouraged to speak ? Samoa (A group of six Polynesian islands in the South Pacific): opposite ? Kaluli (New Guinea): opposite ? Different practices and values = diff linguistic socialization White-Middle-Class (USA): Language Instruction ? Infants treated as persons ? Potential and actual conversational partners ? Interpretation of infant ’ s vocalization and gestures as meaningful ? municative structures ? Simplification of language