Springer - Information and anization - A Macroscopic Approach plex Systems, 3rd ed - Hermann Haken.pdf

1. Economy plex Systems
What Is plex System?
The aim of this book is to develop concepts and methods that allow us to
deal with economic systems from a unifying physically motivated point of
view. An economy is usually classified as a manifestation plex social
systems. To clarify this statement, we have to discuss what we mean by
complex systems. Unfortunately, an exact definition plex systems is
still an open problem. In a heuristic manner, we may describe them as:
Complex systems posed of many particles, or objects, or elements
that may be of the same or different kinds. The elements may interact in a
more or plicated fashion by more or less nonlinear couplings.
In order to give this formal definition a physical context, we should
qualitatively discuss some typical systems that may be denoted truly
complex.
The various branches of science offer us numerous examples, some of which
turn out to be rather simple, whereas others may be called plex.
Let us start with a simple physical example. Granular matter posed of
many similar granules. Shape, position, and orientation of ponents
determine the stability of granular systems. plete set of the particle
coordinates and of all shape parameters defines the actual structure.
Furthermore, under the influence of external force fields, the granules
move around in quite an irregular fashion, whereby they perform numerous
more or less elastic collisions with each other.
A driven granular system is a standard example of plex system. The
permanent change of the structure due to the influence of external fields and
the interaction between ponents is a characteristic feature plex
systems.
Another plex system is Earth’s climate, passing all
components of the atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and oceans and con-
sidering the effects of extraterrestrial processes such as solar radiation and
tides.
Computers and works are interpreted as a new class of
complex systems. This is especially so with respect to