16---Psychoanalysis-and-Its-Early-Alternatives.pdf


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—CHAPTER 16
Psychoanalysis and
Its Early Alternatives
When psychology became a science, it became first a which physical events cause all illness. For example,
science of conscious experience and later a science physicians explained abnormal behavior in terms of
of behavior. Representatives of psychology’s early brain damage or biochemical imbalance. If they used
schools—for example, Wundt, Titchener, and James the term mental illness at all, it was as a descriptive
—were aware of unconscious processes but dismissed term because they believed that all illnesses have
them as unimportant. The methodological behavior- physical origins.
ists, such as Tolman and McDougall, postulated con- The stressing of psychological causes of mental ill-
scious but not unconscious cognitive constructs. The ness separated this small group of physicians from
radical behaviorists, such as Watson and Skinner, re- both their own profession and academic psychology.
fused even to admit consciousness into their psychol- Theirs was not an easy struggle, but they persisted; in
ogy; thus the study of the unconscious would have the end, they had convinced the medical profession,
been unthinkable. And although Gestalt psychology academic psychology, and the public that uncon-
was mentalistic, it concentrated entirely on phenom- scious processes must be taken into consideration in
enological conscious experience. understanding why people act as they do. Sigmund
How then could a psychology that emphasized Freud was the leader of this group of rebels, but be-
the unconscious mind emerge? It did e from fore we examine his work, we consider some of the
academic or experimental psychology. Indeed, it did antecedents of his work.
e from the tradition of empiricism and asso-
ciationism at all, as so much of psychology had.
Rather it came from clinical practice. Those who de- Antecedents of the Development
veloped the psychology of the unconscious were not of P

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