Acknowledgements I would like to publicly thank all panies anisations con- tacted during the writing of this book that have provided images, hints or information. Thank you to: Ballard BP Ceramic Fuel Cells Ceres Power FuelCell Energy H2PIA Honda Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Rolls Royce Fuel Cell SFC SMART Fuel Cell The International Energy Agency The Smithsonian Institution UK Department of Trade and Industry US Department of Defense UTC Fuel Cells I would also like to thank Gemma Crawley, of Fuel Cell Today, for allowing me to use her work at will, Dr. Mike Hugh, Dr. Ben Todd and Dr. Jonathan Butler also of Fuel Cell Today for helping, editing and providing total support (and the odd PhD thesis to read!). I would also like to thank Dr. Peter Pearson, Imperial College, London, and Professor Erdmann, TU Berlin, for still being mentors and mum, dad and my amazing sister Wendy. vii List of figures Figure Fuel cell market to date by numbers 3 Figure Stationary fuel cell market to date by region and number of units installed 4 Figure Stationary fuel cell market to date by megawatt installed 4 Figure Schematic of a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell 8 Figure Schematic of a fuel cell stack 8 Figure Electricity generator fuel cell system 9 Figure General Electric electrolyte in the 1960s 10 Figure Typical proton-exchange membrane (PEM) membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 10 Figure Historical alkaline fuel cell (AFC) market development 12 Figure 1996-2006 direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) development by application 14 Figure Artist's schematic of a fuel cell energy molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) power plant 15 Figure 1996-2006 molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) development by application 16 Figure Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)- schematic 17 Figure Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) units by application to date 18 Figu