英诗欣赏.docx

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Abouttheauthor
Ananalysisofthetheme
Ananalysisoftheorganizationandthemeaningofdifferentparts
Ananalysisofthepoeticelements:rhythm,rhymescheme,diction,symbolandimage,figuresofspeech
ImageandSymbol
Image:Broadlydefined,animageisawordorsequenceofwordswhichreferstoanysensoryexperience–anobject,asound,orabodilysensation.
Relationshipbetweenimageandpoetry:Apoemisnotastatementofmeaning,.
Symbol:aspecialkindofimage,richinconnotations.
Likeimages,asymbolcanbeanobject,asound,?sParadiseLost,oranactlikeCaptainAhab?sbreakinghistobaccopipebeforesettingouttopursuethewhitewhale,showinghisdeterminationnottoletsimplepleasurestodistracthim.
Image:Broadlydefined,animageisawordorsequenceofwordswhichreferstoanysensoryexperience–anobject,asound,orabodilysensation.
Relationshipbetweenimageandpoetry:Apoemisnotastatementofmeaning,buta
.
?Asymbolisusuallyemphasizedbyrepetitionanddetaileddescription,orbyappearingatthebeginning,attheendorinthetitle.
PoeticDiction
Abbreviations
o?er:over
oft:often
?d=ed,.,flower?d,form?d
ain?t:amnot/arenot/isnot/hasnot/havenot
?twas:itwas
?tis:itis
ArchaicWords
ere:before
art:are
hath:has
doth:does
yon/yonder:overthere
haply:perhaps
thou(subject):you
thee(object):you
thine(beforeavowel):your
thy:your
Rhyme(押韵)
Definition:therepetitionofsimilarorduplicatesoundsatregularintervals,usuallytherepetitionoftheterminalsoundsofwordsattheendsoflinesofverse.
Rhymeisaphenomenonofsound,neverofmerespelling.
Function:Rhymeservestobindlinestogetherintolargerunitsofcompositionanddefineagroupoflinesasaunit(abindingandunifyingeffect).
Fullrhyme
.Twowordsmusthaveidenticalvowelsinstressedsyllables;
Ifanythingfollowsthesevowels,whetheritbeconsonantorunstressedsyllables,itmustalsobeidentical;
Butwhatprecedesthestressedvowelsmustbedifferent.
ClassificationofRhyme:
Byexternalforms
MasculineRhyme:themostcommonrhyme;(strictlyspeaking)singlerhyming
syllable,endinginaconsonant,andwithoutanymuteefollowing;(now)singlerhyme,ormonosyllabicrhyme,arhymeonanyaccentedsyllablewithnoothersyllableafterit.
AndhearstheMusesinaring
AyeroundaboutJove?saltarsing.
OhowIlongtotravelback
Andtreadagainthatancienttrack.
Femininerhyme:(strictlyspeaking)theuseofwordsattheendofalinewiththefinal
ewhichisnowmute;(now)alsocalledDoubleRhyme,DisyllabicRhyme,arhymewhichfallsonanaccentedsyllablefollowedbyanunaccentedone.
Triplerhyme:alsoknownastreblerhyme,inwhichthestressedsyllableisfollowedbytwounstressed;rare.
Function:usedinlightverse;usuallyforcomiceffect;usedalsoinseriousverse.
Quadruplerhyme:comic,usedforhumorouseffect.
Example:
Sothattheirplanandprosodyareeligible
Unless,likeWordsworth,theyproveunintelligible.
ClassificationofRhyme:
ByDisposition
Endrime:Thefinalwordofalinerimeswiththefinalwordofanotherlineinsome
sortofregularpattern.
Function:themostfrequentlyused;givepoetryitsmusicaleffectanditsstructure.
:
:Thelineisdividedintotwoparts,thelastwordinthefirstpartriming
withthelastwordinthesecondpart.
Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree;
Wewerethefirstthateverburst
Intothatsilentsea.
:Asyllablewithinonelinemayrhymewithanotherata
correspondingplacewithinanotherline.
Laurelisgreenforaseason,andloveissweetforaday;Butlovegrowsbitterwithtreason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.
Beginningrime/Initialrime:rhymeatthebeginningoflines;thefirstwordsorsyllablesoflinesrhyme.
Whenthesunhasslippedaway,
Andthedewisontheday,
Thenthecreaturecomestocall
Menmalignthemostofall.
ImperfectRhyme
:animperfectformofrhymewhichcountsonlythevowelsoundofthechiefrhymingsyllable.
Nothingissobeautifulasspring----
Whenweeds,inwheels,shootlongandlovelyandlush.
Consonance:animperfectformofrhymewhichcountsonlytheconsonantsoundorsoundsofthechiefrhymingsyllable.
Andbyhissmile,Iknowthatsullenhall;
Byhisdeadsmile,IknewwestoodinHell.
Alliteration
Definition:Therepetitionofconsonantsoundsinwordsinmoreorlessjuxtapositiontoeachother.
Fivemilesmeanderingwithamazymotion
Throughwoodanddalethesacredriverran,
Thenreachedthecavernsmeasurelesstoman,
Andsankintumulttoalifelessocean
Rhythm:therepetitionintimeofaperceptiblepattern;usuallyregularlypatternedflowofsounds.
Othermeans:caesura(thepauseinthemiddleofalonglineCaesura(诗行中间停留)
Usuallyitcomesafterapunctuationmark,butitcanalsooccurattheendofaphraseoraclause.
Letseedbegrass‖andgrassturnintohay:
I?mmartyrtoamotion‖notmyown;
What?sfreedomfor?‖Toknoweternity.
Iswearshecastashadow‖whiteasstone.
End-stoppedline
Definition:alineendsinafullpause,markedbysomekindofpunctuation.
Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,
Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.
Run-online
Definition:alinedoesnotendinpunctuation,andthesentencecarriesonintothenextline.
Howsuchaglancecamethere;so,notthefirst
,?twasnot
Herhusband?spresenceonly,calledthatspot
OfjoyintotheDuchess?scheek
Importanceofrhythm:acommonphenomenonindailylife;theveryessenceofpoetry;anaturalaspectofpoetry;animportantelementintheestablishmentoftheformofapoem;helpconveymeaning.
RhythminDailyLife
Visualpattern:theflashingofalight;theadvanceandretreatofwavesonthebeach;therepetitionofdayandnight.
Auralpattern:thetickingofaclock;thebeatoftheheart.
Tactile(触觉的)pattern:pulsebeat;inhalationandexhalationofbreath
Emotion:love&hate;pain&joy;grief&happiness.
Accentual-syllabicverse:Thepatternisbasednotonlyonthenumberofsyllablesinaline,butalsoontherelationtoeachotheroftheaccentedandunaccentedsyllables.
Fourbasicmeters:iamb(“away”anapest);(“intervenetrochee”);(“only;”)dactyl
(“happily”).
Risingrhythms:iambandanapest;fallingrhythms:trocheeanddactyl.
Foot:
stressedsyllable;theanapesticfootconsistsoftwounstressedsyllablesand
Iamb
Definition:adisyllabicfootcontaininganunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone.
ThecommonestkindofEnglishmeter:5/6ofthewholeofEnglishpoetry;90%ofgood
Englishversewritteninmeter.
AccordingtoRobertFrost:thebasicEnglishverse.
Function:originallyusedbythewritersofsatireasaweaponhurledattheenemies;inmodernEnglishpoetry,employedforgraveorsombrethemesbecauseitflowsslowly,steadily,firmlyandwithease.
ExamplesofIamb
Theplowmanhomewardplodshiswearyway.(Gray)
Thattimeofyearthoumay?stinmebehold.(Shakespeare)
WhenIconsiderhowmylightisspent(Milton)
Thegoldenseaitsmirrorspreads(Longfellow)
Trochee
Definition:,andinmanyofthemthelineterminatesinanaccentedsyllable,thatis,adefectivefoot.
Function:mostsuitedforcheerfulthemesandemphaticinexpression;aninvaluablevariantupontheiamb.
ExamplesofTrochee
Presentmirthhaspresentlaughter(Shakespeare)
Lifeoflife!Thylipsenkindle.(Shelley)
Letusgothen,youandI(Eliot)
Ducksrequirenoshipandsail(Ransom)
Anapaest
Definition:atrisyllabicfootcontainingtwounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedone.
Feature:swifteffect(tendtospeedupthelineandoftengiveafeelingofurgentmovement)
Function:moresuitedtocomicopera;alsopreferredforthemesofalightcharacterorthosecallingforamoreflowing,galloping,orliltingcadence.
Notusedveryoften
:Theanapaestis“perhapsthechiefenliveningand
inspiritingforceinEnglishpoetry,andwhilepowerfulforseriouspurposes,isalmost
indispensibleforcomic.”
ExamplesofAnapaest
Andasound︱ofavoice︱thatisstill(Tennyson)
Anymore︱thanwehad︱totohate.(Frost)
Ifyouhave︱anystrength︱inyourthumb:︱likethebolt.(Robinson)
“Youareold,︱”saidtheyouth,︱“asImen︱tionedbefore.”(LewisCarroll)
Dactyl
Definition:atrisyllabicfootcontainingastressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedones.
Feature:giveamuchquickereffectthanthetrocheebecausethetwounstressedsyllablesinthedactylarepronouncedmuchmorelightlyorquicklythaninthetrochee.
Function:suitableforgayandsprightlylyrics;usedasasubstituteforthetrochee.
Usedincontinuity,eithersinglyorwithotherfeet,ithasatendency,especiallyinlinesof
somelength,torearrangeitselfintoanapaests.
ExamplesofDactyl
Toughhernot︱scornfully
Thinkofher︱mournfully
Gentlyand︱humanly(Hood)
Allinthe︱valleyofdeath(Tennyson)
Thisisthe︱forestpri︱meval,but︱wherearethe︱heartsthatbe︱neathit.
(Longfellow)
CommentsonAccentuation
.
Exception:Because︱Icould︱notstop︱fordeath-/Hekind︱lystopped︱forme-
/TheCa︱rriageheld︱butjust︱ourselves-/AndIm︱morta︱lity.(Note:Thereare
threeaccentsintheword“immortality”.)
Generallyspeaking,themonosyllabicwordsthatwouldbeunimportantinanormalprosereadingofaphraseorclauseareunaccentedinthemeterandthatkeywordsareaccented.
Agoodverseembodiesbothapatternandavitalvariety.
RhetoricalVariation
Secondaryaccent:accentedinthisline,secondarystress

“Shehadtwosonsatrisingday.”(Note:Actually,“two”alsoneedstob
butconsideringthebasicmetricalpattern,it?sbettertomark“two”as
:“Iwishyoustrengthtobringyou/Andpride,alovetokeepyou
clean,/AndIwishyouluck,comeLammastide;Atracingonthegreen.”(Note:Line2
hasnottheexpectedsixsyllables,“anda”formsananapestinsteadofthe
basiciamb.)
Defectivefeet:︱forme︱therick︱willwait
Andlong︱willwait︱thefold,
Andlong︱willstand︱theemp︱typlate
Anddi︱nnerwill︱becold.
Note:Accordingtothebasicpattern,thefirstlineshouldbecomposedofeightsyllables,
,thethreefeetthatfollow“long”,“lcanberegardedasadefectivefoot.
Significanceofrhetoricalvariation:avoidbeingmonotonous;givevitalitytotheverse.
SomePracticalNotesonScansion
Everyfootwemarkoffshouldhaveoneprimarysyllableandonlyone.
.
Alwaystrytokeepthetreatmentofvariations,substitutionsandotherliterarydevicesascloseaspossibletotheestablishedmetricalpattern.
,normalscansionconstantlydivideswords.
CautionsforScansion
Sound,notspelling,countsinscansion.
Indeterminingthemeter(kindoffootandnumberoffeetinaline),oneshouldtakethepoemasawholeandnotmerelyalineatatime,thatis,togetasenseofthebasicpattern.
MetricPatterns
Variouskindsoflines:monometer(onefoot);dimeter(twofeet);trimeter(threefeet);tetrameter(fourfeet);pentameter(fivefeet);hexameter(sixfeet);heptameter(sevenfeet;rare),octameter(eightfeet).
Monometer(单音步诗行)
Rarelyseen
Maybeusedattheendofastanzaorwithinone.
Createacomicorlikeeffect
Example:?Tisinvain/Theycomplain(anapaesticmonometer)
Moreexamplesinsupplementarypoems
Dimeter(二步格)
Iambicdimeter:WhenIdescend/Towardstheirbrink/Istand,andlook,/Andbathemy
wings,/Andchinkandprink.(fromHardy:TheRobin)
Trochaicdimeter:Richthetreasure,/Sweetthepleasure.(fromDryden:Alexanders’Feast)
Anapaesticdimeter:Inmyrageshallbeseen/Therevengeofaqueen.
Anotherexample:Allourlaboursmustfail,/Ifthewickedprevail.
Trimeter
Iambictrimeter:Theway,notmine,OLord,/Howeverdarkitbe:/Leadmebythineownhand,/Andchoosethepathforme.
Trochaictrimeter:Nowtheystood,confounded,/Whilethebattlesounded
Anapaestictrimeter:IammonarchofallIsurvey,/Myrightthereisnonetodispute;Fromthecentreallroundtothesea/Iamlordofthefowlandthebrute.
Dactylictrimeter:Merrily,merrilyshallIlivenow,/Undertheblossomthathangsonthebow.(Shakespeare)
Tetrameter
Iambictetrameter:(seesupplementarypoems)
Trochaictetrameter:(seesupplementarypoems)
Anapaestictetrameter:TheAssyriancamedownlikeawolfonthefold,/Andhiscohortsweregleaminginpurpleandgold;/Andthesheenoftheirspearswaslikestarsonthesea,
WhenthebluewaverollsnightlyondeepGalilee.(Byron)Dactylictetrameter:(seesupplementary
Pentameter
FirstintroducedbyChaucer
ThecommonestofmetresinEnglishpoetry
Oneofthemostflexiblemetres
Widelyusedinallformsofpoetry
I