Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang - Jonathan Allday - ( Institute of Physics Publishing - 2nd Ed.2002 (1Ed.1998) - pp.441) ( 0750308060).pdf

Quarks, Leptons and
the Big Bang
Second Edition
Quarks, Leptons and
the Big Bang
Second Edition
Jonathan Allday
The King’s School, Canterbury
Institute of Physics Publishing
Bristol and Philadelphia
c IOP Publishing Ltd 2002
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior permission of the publisher. Multiple copying is permitted in
accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing
Agency under the terms of its agreement with mittee of Vice-
Chancellors and Principals.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0 7503 0806 0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available
First edition printed 1998
First edition reprinted with minor corrections 1999
Commissioning Editor: James Revill
Production Editor: Simon Laurenson
Production Control: Sarah Plenty
Cover Design: Fr´ed´erique Swist
Marketing Executive: Laura Serratrice
Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, wholly owned by The
Institute of Physics, London
Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1
6BE, UK
US Office: Institute of Physics Publishing, The Public Ledger Building,
Suite 1035, 150 South Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106,
USA
Typeset in LATEX2
by Text 2 Text, Torquay, Devon
Printed in the UK by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
Contents
Preface to the second edition ix
Preface to the first edition xiii
Prelude: Setting the scene 1
1 The standard model 5
The fundamental particles of matter 5
The four fundamental forces 10
The big bang 14
Summary of chapter 1 18
2 Aspects of the theory of relativity 21
Momentum 21
ic energy 28
Energy 31
Energy and mass 32
Reactions an