衔接与连贯解释_图文.ppt

衔接“衔接”这一概念是 Halliday 于 1962 年首次提出的。后来在他与 Hasan 合著的 Cohesion in English 一书中把衔接定义为“存在于篇章内部,使之成为语篇的意义关系。他们认为,衔接是产生语篇的必要的条件在他们看来,有了衔接不一定产生语篇,但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。他们系统地将衔接分为五大类:照应( reference )、替代( substitution )、省略( ellipsis )、连接( conjunction ) 及词汇衔接( lexical cohesion )。其中前三类属于语法手段,第四类属于逻辑手段,最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接?1. 指代 reference personal reference demonstrative reference comparative references Personal reference ? Personal reference is reference by means of function in situation. The following are personal references: ? Masculine: he/him, his ? Feminine: she/her, hers ? Neuter: it/its ? Generalized human: they/them/theirs/their Examples ?(1) A: How old is your son ? ? B: He is seven. ?(2) A: How old is your son? ? B: She is playing in the garden. ?(3) ? A: Claire and Kent climbed Mt. McKinley last summer. ? B: She photographed the peak , and he surveyed it. Demonstrative reference Demonstrative reference is a reference by means of location. . Leave that there e here. These are my favorites and those are my favorites too. Comparative references ? Comparative references is reference by mean s of comparison. ? The following parative references:a s ,such,so,likewise,similarly,otherwise,else,differently, bigger,more ,less,better … Examples ? Child A: The cat runs real fast. ? Child B: No, the lion runs much faster. ? Child A: The cat is faster, the lion doesn ’ t even run. ? Child B: No, the lion is the fastest. My dad said this. ? This is the case parative reference. ? 2. 替代 substitution ? This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.( 名词性替代) ?“ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they ’ re like. ”?“ I believe so, ” Alice replied thoughtfully. (分句性替代) 3. 省略 ellipsis (zero substitution) “ how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours the first day, ” said Tom. (分句性省略)