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Prｏｇｒess in　Cｏmｐｕterｓ
Prestｉge Ｌｅｃture ｄｅlｉveｒeｄ　to ＩEＥ， Camｂrｉdge,　on 5 Febrｕarｙ　2004
Maｕrice Wｉlkeｓ
Comｐｕtｅr Lａboratory
Unｉverｓitｙ oｆ　Cａmbriｄge
The ｆｉrst ｓｔored progｒam coｍputers　bｅgａｎ to worｋ　ａround 1950。 Ｔhｅ one we buiｌｔ in Cａmbridｇe， thｅ EDＳAC was fｉrst used iｎ tｈe suｍmer ｏf 19４９.
These　earｌｙ　ｅxpｅrimentaｌ computｅｒｓ were bｕilｔ　ｂy pｅople liｋe ｍysｅlf ｗiｔｈ varｙing　bａｃkgrｏｕnds。 We alｌ　ｈad eｘtensive ｅxpeｒｉenｃe iｎ　electronic enｇiｎeerｉng and weｒｅ coｎfident that thａt expeｒｉence　woｕld stand us in　gooｄ　ｓtｅad。 This prｏved ｔruｅ， althougｈ ｗe had somｅ new　tｈｉngs ｔo learｎ。 The　ｍoｓt important of　thesｅ waｓ thａｔ trａnsｉeｎts mｕｓt bｅ　treａtｅd coｒreｃtlｙ; wｈat ｗoｕld cause a　ｈarmleｓｓ fｌａsh on ｔhｅ screen of a telｅvision sｅｔ ｃouｌd ｌeａｄ ｔｏ a　sｅriｏus ｅrror　in a coｍpｕｔer。
Aｓ　far　aｓ coｍpuｔiｎg cｉrcｕｉts　ｗerｅ cｏnｃeｒned, we found ouｒsｅlveｓ wiｔｈ an ｅmbaｒaｓｓ ｄe　riｃｈeｓs。 Ｆoｒ examｐｌe, ｗe ｃould uｓe vaｃuum　tuｂe diodes　ｆor ｇatｅs aｓ we did iｎ tｈe EDSAC or peｎtodes　witｈ conｔrol　signals　ｏn　bｏth gｒiｄs， a ｓystem widelｙ used elseｗｈeｒe． Thｉs sort oｆ　cｈｏicｅ ｐｅrｓisｔeｄ ａnd ｔhe　tｅｒｍ fａｍｉlies of　lｏｇic caｍｅ iｎtｏ use.　Thｏse who ｈａvｅ worked in the　cｏmｐutｅｒ　field ｗill ｒemeｍber TTL, ECL ａnd CMOＳ。　Of　tｈesｅ， ＣMOS has now　bｅcome dominaｎｔ。
In thosｅ　eａrｌy yeａrs， the IＥE waｓ　stｉｌｌ　doｍinateｄ　bｙ powｅr engineerinｇ and we　had to ｆｉｇht a numｂer　of ｍajor battles in ｏｒder ｔo get radｉｏ ｅngineeriｎg aｌonｇ　wiｔｈ the rapidly dｅvel