汉译英之主语的选择.ppt

The Choice of Subjects主语的选择
分析下列句子的主谓结构
1. 钱你不用还了。
。
3. 这匹马骑着两个人。
。
,天经地义。
。
。
,名叫愚公。
主语的选择和确立
英汉语比较: 主语比较

英语属于偏重形式的语言,一个句子要独立表达一个完整的意思,必须包含主语和谓语两个组成部分,英语中绝大部分句子都是按“主语-谓语”形式构建而成的。主语与谓语的关系是施动者与动作的关系。根据美国语言学家所提出的语言类型学观点,英语属于“主语突出”型(Subject-prominent)语言。
汉语是重内容的语言,“形散神聚”是汉语句子的特点。因此汉语被称作是典型的“意合”语言。汉语中的主语不像英语的主语那样容易确定, “主语-谓语”形式的句子在汉语里比例是不大的,因此在汉语语法中出现了主题(话题)(Topic)这一概念。我国著名学者赵元任(1968)说:“把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待,比较合适”。汉语属于“主题突出”型(Topic-prominent)语言。
英语的主语主要有七大类
1、施动主语(agentive subject)
Susan is growing flowers.
2、受动主语(affected subject)
Her books translate well.
3、工具主语(instrumental subject)
A stone broke the glass.
4、地点主语(locative subject)
The jar contains honey.
5、时间主语(temporal subject)
Yesterday was Monday.
6、事件主语(eventive subject)
The dispute over the problem lasted a decade.
7、it 作主语,表时间、气候或距离:It is late./It is hot.
it 作形式主语:It is impossible to finish the work.
;主题+述题结构;主语句法功能弱
英语为主语语言: 主语+谓语结构;主语句法功能强
例如: 这件事你不用操心.
主题述题
译:This you don’t need to worry about.
You don’t need to worry about this.
This is not something you need to worry about.
There is no need for you to worry about this.
1)论文我们已经写了一大半了。
We have finished a good part of the papers
3)这些材料我们只够盖一栋房子。
We could only build one house with these materials.
1)热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作,建立和发展贸易关系。
Customers from various countries and regions are warmly e to establish and develop business contacts.
希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。
It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.
3) 经常接触某人或某事往往会让人产生喜欢。
Frequent exposure to something or someone will cause liking.
汉译英中,主语的确立是句子翻译的第一步。选择了一定的主语,基本决定了句子构造的走向。主语选择恰当,句子就便于构造了。常常选择不同成分作主语,决定了不同的组句方式。例如:
人不可貌相,海水不可斗量。
A. A person can not be judged from his appearance just as an ocean can not be measured by pints.
 B. It is impossible to judge people from their appearances, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.
 C. We can