6.英汉对比之物称与人称.ppt

物称与人称
Impersonal VS Personal
Lecture 6
It has been noted with concern that the stock of the books in the library has been declining alarmingly.
The number of books in the library has been going down.

Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students.
Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and don’t forget that the library is for everyone’s convenience.
Compare:
Impersonal
Personal
English
Chinese
Impersonal 物称
表达客观事物如何作用于人的感知,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。
用无生命的、抽象的事物或概念做部分动词的主语。
Personal 人称
从自我角度出发来叙述客观事物。或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态,常用人称。
用有生命的人或动物做其逻辑动词的主语。
英语中,“什么事发生在什么人身上”
An unknown fear possessed her
她感到莫名的恐惧。
Illness pursued him until his death .
他疾病缠身,直至死去。
汉语中,“什么人怎么样了”
No sound reached her
她没有听到任何声音
His words sent a quiver(寒噤)through my body
听了他的话,我不禁打了个寒噤。
Back
1、抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语
使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语
2、非人称代词it作主语
英语用非人称作主语的句子包括:
汉语无论从使用的语境或出现的频率来看,都不如英语常用。如“什么风把你吹来了?”“高山低头,河水让路”……
The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。
The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.
这小伙子面相老实,性情随和,(因此)到处吃得开。

使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语
抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语
使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语
Inanimate subject (无灵主语)
抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等
Animate verb(有灵动词) 人或社会团体的动作和行为
see, find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent….from, ……
汉人的思维****惯----“有灵动词”+“无灵主语”通常用作隐喻/拟人。
北京目睹过许多伟大的事件。
Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.
1)表情感和身心状态的名词作主语。
我兴奋得什么也说不出来。
Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.
他焦虑不安。
Anxiety tore him into pieces.
2)时间和地点名词作主语。
又过了一会儿,他们来到一所村舍门口,主人敲了敲门。
A few moment brought them to a cottage door, at
which the owner knocked.
北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。
Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.
3)具体事物作主语。
我们迎着朝阳来到甲板上。
The morning sun greeted us as we came out on the deck.
他收到一份紧急电报,匆匆去了洛杉矶。
An urgent telegraph hurried hi