Fossilization
1
This "stopping short" has been referred to as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) or pleteness (Schachter, 1990). It is one of the noticeable characteristics of second language acquisition.
(Towell & Hawkins, 1994:2)
This "stopping short" has been referred to as fossilization (Selinker, 1972) or pleteness (Schachter, 1990). It is one of the noticeable characteristics of second language acquisition.
2
Selinker
(1972)
[F]ossilizable linguistic phenomena are linguistic items, rules, and sub-systems which speakers of a particular L1 tend to keep in their IL relative to a particular TL,
no matter what the age of the learner or amount of explanation and instruction he receives in the TL....
(Selinker, 1972: 215)
3
Selinker
(1978)
… a permanent cessation of IL learning before the learner has attained TL norms at all levels of linguistic structure and in all discourse domains
in spite of the learner’s positive ability, opportunity, and motivation to learn and acculturate into target society. (Selinker & Lamendella, 1978: 187)
… a permanent cessation of IL learning before the learner has attained TL norms at all levels of linguistic structure and in all discourse domains
4
Selinker
(1996)
[F]ossilization is the process whereby the learner creates a cessation of interlanguage learning, thus stopping the interlanguage from developing, it is hypothesized, in a permanent way ….
[F]ossilization is the process whereby the learner creates a cessation of interlanguage learning, thus stopping the interlanguage from developing, it is hypothesized, in a permanent way ….
5
Fossilization, as presented in much of the literature, is understood to be the of a person to attain nativelike ability in the target language. (Lowther, 1983: 127; emphasis added)
inability
Lowther
6
Ellis
Fossilized structures can be realized as errors or as correct target language forms.
(1985: 48)
Fossilized structures can be realized as errors or as correct target langu
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